CHEM 103 exam 2

Aldehyde functional group

Ketone functional group

what is oxidation of alcohols

primary alcohol → aldehyde → carboxylic acid

what forms when primary alcohol is oxidized

makes carboxylic acid

what does oxidation of secondary alcohols makes

ketone

what happens when tertiary alcohols are oxidized

no reaction

Phenols

properites of phenols

• weak acids

• Pka value around 10

• insoluble in water but reacts with strong bases

Ether

physical properties of ethers

• polar compounds

• only weak forces of attraction

• lower boiling points than alcohols of same molecular formula

reactions of ethers

• No oxidation

• No reduction

• Acid/base resistant

• perfect solvents

how are peroxides formed

when ethers oxidize over time

what is the common name of methanal

formaldehyde

what is the common name of ethanal

acetaldehyde

what is the common name of propanone

acetone

methanal

ethanal

propanone

Acetaldehyde

Acetic acid

Methyl ethly ketone

ethyl isopropyl ketone

propionaldehyde

butyraldehyde

what does alpha mean

carbon 1

what does beta mean

carbon 2

what does gamma mean

carbon 3

what are physical properties of aldehydes and ketones

• polar

• weak intermolecular attractions (in liquid)

• no hydrogen bonding

what is the polarity of carbonyl group

• Oxygen is partially negative

• carbon is partially positive Carbon

boiling point ranking (lowest to highest)

ether/ alkane → ketone/ aldehyde → alcohol → carboxylic acid

what are aldehydes oxidized to

carboxylic aicds

what does reduction of alcohol give

primary alcohol

what does reduction of ketone give

secondary alcohol

What are the two main ways to reduce aldehydes and ketones

• Hydrogen gas with a metal catalyst.

• Sodium borohydride

carboxylic acid function group

what is the common name of methanoic acid

formic acid

what is the common name of ethanoic acid

acetic acid

what is the common name of propanoic acid

propionic aicd

what is the common name of butanoic acid

butyric acid

physical properties of carboxylic acids

• 3 polar covalent bonds

• much higher boiling points compared to other organic molecules

• more soluble in water

• weak acids

reactions of carboxylic aicids

• all reacte with NaOH, KOH, and other strong bases to for water soluble groups

how many carbs need to be soluble in water

5 or more

what is the functional group of ester

what happens during hydrolysis of ester

forms carboxylic acid and an alcohol

ionization of amines

reaction between an amine and water involves transfer of a proton from water to the amine

Neutralization of amines

whether soluble or insoluble in water, react quantitatively with strong acids to form water-soluble salts

aniline

propylamine

sec- Butylamine

diethlymethlyamine

Cyclohexyamine

physical properties of amines

• when low molecular weight strong order

• polar

which degree of amines form hydrogen bonds

only 1 and 2

as molecular weight increases what happens

becomes less soluble in water

what is the common name for methanamide

formamide

what is the common name for ethanamide

acetamide

how to synthesize amides

treating a carboxylic acid with ammonia and heat

Hydrolysis of Amides

• Amides require more vigorous conditions for hydrolysis in both acid and base than do esters

• Hydrolysis in hot aqueous acid gives a carboxylic acid and an ammonium ion.

Thiol

properties of thiol

very bad smell (ex skunks and onions)

Oxidation of Thiols

Thiols are readily oxidized to disulfides by O2

what is polymer

any long-chain molecule synthesized by bonding together many single parts

what is monomer

single unit

Addition Polymer

polymer that forms by simple linking of alkene monomers without the co-generation of other products

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE)

• highly branched polymer

• polymer chains do not pack well and London dispersion forces between them are weak

• More flexible, more transparent

• ex. ziplock bags

High-density polyethylene (HDPE)

• Straight-chain polymer

• chains pack well & London dispersion forces between them are strong

• Stronger, more rigid, less transparent

• ex. milk containers