Progress Test 10

What is regressive assimilation?

Regressive assimilation is a phonological process where a sound is influenced by the sound which immediately follows it. For example, in the word cupboard, the voiceless /p/ in cup takes on the voicing of the following /b/ in board, turning the pronunciation into /ˈkʌbəd/.

What is intonation? State its basic functions.

Intonation is the melody of speech created by the rising and falling pitch of the voice, which adds meaning without changing the words themselves. Its basic functions are:

1. Attitudinal function: Expresses the speaker's emotions and attitudes (e.g., using a falling-rising "Dive" tune to show reservations).

2. Accentual function: Places tonic stress on the most important word in a tone-unit.

3. Grammatical function: Helps the listener recognize syntactic structures, such as distinguishing a question from a statement.

4. Discourse function: Signals what is "new" versus "given" information or indicates what kind of response is expected in conversation.

What are the attitudinal and accentual functions of intonation?

Attitudinal function: Expresses the speaker's emotions and attitudes (e.g., using a falling-rising "Dive" tune to show reservations).

Accentual function: Places tonic stress on the most important word in a tone-unit.

What are the grammatical and discourse functions of intonation?

Grammatical function: Helps the listener recognize syntactic structures, such as distinguishing a question from a statement.

Discourse function: Signals what is "new" versus "given" information or indicates what kind of response is expected in conversation.

rebel (n)

/'rebəl/

sunrise

/'sʌnraɪz/

perfection

/pə'fekʃn/

climatic

/klaɪ'mætɪk/

refusal

/rɪ'fjuːzl/

cigarette

/ˌsɪgə'ret/

refugee

/ˌrefjʊ'dʒiː/

custody

/'kʊstədi/

divine

/dɪ'vaɪn/

emperor

/'empərə/