Anatomy- quiz#4

blood,

The human cardiovascular system is subdivided into …?

1) cardiovascular system

2) lymphatic system

What is blood? what does it do?

a fluid in the vessels of the cardiovascular system; it transports everything that must be carried from one place to another in the body

What is blood circulation powered by?

the pumping action of the heart

What is the function of blood? (6)

carries things throughout the body: respiratory gases, nutrients, waste, hormones, cells of the immune system, and helps regulate temperature

What is the average volume of blood in an adult male and female?

male: 5-6L female: 4-5L

Why is blood classified a type of connective tissue?

because it consists of cellular and liquid components

What is the liquid component of blood and what is the percentage of it?

nonliving fluid matrix = plasma; 55%

What is the cellular component of blood and what is the percentage of it?

formed elements: living cells suspended in plasma (<1% and 45%)

Does blood have any fibers?

No, but fibrin threads visible when clotting occurs

What is buffy coat and its percentage?

contains leukocytes and platelets; <1%

What is hematocrit and its percentage?

erythrocytes; average = 45%

males= 47% females= 42%

What substances are dissolved in in suspended in plasma ?

over 100 different substances: ions, nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, metabolites, electrolytes, and proteins

What are the main three protein types in plasma?

1) albumin 2) globulins 3) fibrinogen

What does albumin do for plasma?

it contributes to plasma osmotic pressure → helps keep water from diffusion out of the blood-stream into the extracellular matrix of tissues

What does globulins do for plasma?

it included antibodies and blood proteins that transport lipids, iron, and copper

What does fibrinogen do for plasma?

it functions in clotting

What are the three types of formed elements?

Erythrocytes/ red blood cells, Leukocytes/ white blood cells, and thrombocytes/ platelets

What is the main function of formed elements?

• transport oxygen and a little carbon dioxide

• part of the body’s nonspecific defenses and the immune system

What is hemostasis?

blood clot formation

What are the unusual characteristics in leukocytes?

they are true cells with nuclei, organelles, and not cell fragments

How long do erythrocytes live for and where do they originate?

100-120 days and from the bone marrow

What do mature RBCs have ?

no nuclei or organelles and a cytoplasm filled with hemoglobin

What is hemoglobin?

an oxygen-carrying protein

What are the special structural characteristics of RBC that contributes to their respiratory function?

1) without any organelles they are 97% hemoglobin
2) their biconcave shape creates 30% surface area for rapid diffusion

3) generate their energy anaerobically → conserving any oxygen they pick up

What are the only complete cells and why?

Leukocytes because they have nuclei and organelles

What is the function of leukocytes?

protects the body from infectious microorganisms

What is the normal white blood cell count?

4,800 to 11,000 leukocytes/mm³

Where do leukocytes function?

they function outside the bloodstream in the loose connective tissue (where infections occur)

What is diapedesis?

process of circulating leukocytes leaving the capillaries

What are the types of leukocytes?

Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil and Monocyte & Lymphocyte

How are the types of leukocytes divided and which is in each group?

They are sorted by the absence and presence of membrane-bound cytoplasmic granules

granulocytes = neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil agranulocytes: monocytes and lymphocytes

What are neutrophiles, what percentage of WBC do they take up?

granulocyte with a nucleus that has two to six interconnected lobes that contains digestive enzymes that specifically destroy the cell walls of bacteria; 60%

What is the function of neutrophils?

phagocytize and destroy bacteria; first line of defense in an inflammatory response

What are eosinophils, what percentage of WBC do they take up?

granulocyte with a nucleus that has two lobes interconnected by a broad band and contain digestive enzymes (not specific for bacteria); 1-4%

What is the function of eosinophils?

play a role in ending

1) allergic reactions by phagocytosing allergens

2) parasitic infections by releasing parasite-digesting enzymes

What are basophils, what percentage of WBC do they take up?

granulocyte with a nucleus that has two lobes and weakly phagocytic; 0.5%

What is the function of basophiles?

secrete histamines (functioning in mediating inflammation) during allergic responses and parasitic infections

What are lymphocytes, what percentage of WBC do they take up?

agranulocytes with a spherical nucleus that occupies most of the cell volume; 20-40%

What is the function of lymphocytes?

most important cells of immune system; most are found in lymphoid tissue; effective in fighting infectious organisms; act against a specific foreign molecule (antigen)