SAAT Biology Section 6.1 Vocabulary (Plant Kingdoms) - تحصيلي

Haploid phase

A stage in an organism's life cycle where cells contain a single complete set of chromosomes

Diploid stage

A phase in an organism's life cycle where cells contain two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

Alternation of generations

Spores → gametophyte → gametes → zygote → sporophyte

Nonvascular plants

Usually small, are often found growing in damp, shady areas and are gametophytes

What’s necessary for a nonvascular plants’ reproduction

Water is necessary

Division bryophyta

Most familiar are mosess; don’t have true leaves, don’t have true vascular tissue

Mosses’ ability to stick

Rootlike, multicellular rhizoids that anchor them to soli or another surfavce

How liquids move through moss

Water and other substances move by osmosis and diffusion

Peat fuel

What is accumulated over time by sphagnum (a type of moss) that deposits this

Divison anthocerophyta

Are called hornworts bevause of hornlike sporophytes

Spaces around cells

Filled with slime rather than air

The slime that forms around the spaces around cells

Cynobacteria (genus of Nostoc), exhibit mutualism with hornwort

Division anthocerophyta contain

One large chloroplast in each cell

Division hepaticophyta

Referred to as liverworts

Liverworts are classified as

Thallose or leafy

How liverworts are primitive plants

They lack DNA sequence of most plants

Vascular plants

Are all sporophytes (contains vascular tissue)

Seedless vascular plants

Club mosses, (spike mosses), and the fern group that make up this type of plant group

Strobilus

Adaptation seen in some seedless vascular plants and is a compact cluster of spore bearing structures

Division lycophyta

This generation is dominant, unlike true mosses

Lycophytes have

Roots, stems, and small, scaly, leaf like structures

Lycopodium and selaginella

The generations in which most club mosses belong to

Epiphytes

A plant that lives anchored to an object or another plant (most tropical lycophyte are these)

Division pterophyta

Includes ferns and horsetails

Divison pterophytes can produce

Sporophytes without fertalization which eventually grow into rhizome (underground stem)

Rhizome

An underground stem that is a good storage organ for plants

Fronds

Recognizable leafy structures that are familiar on ferns (photosynthetic)

Sporangium (sporangia for plural)

Fern spores form in this structure (their clusters are at the undersides of fronds)

Silica

A scratchy substance found on horsetails; can be felt when rubbing your finger along a horsetail stem

What is silica used for?

Shining metals

Vascular seed plants

Produce seeds

Each seed in a vascular seed plant

Contains tiny sporophyte surrounded by protective tissue

Angiosperms

Plants whose seeds are part of fruits

Gymnosperms

Plants whose seeds are not part of fruits

Cotyledons

Structures inside seeds that store food for the tiny sporophyte (seeds have one or more)

Sporophyte is dominant

In seed plants and produce spores

Spores in seed plants that are developed by sporophytes

Divide by meiosis to form male gametophytes (pollen grains) and female gametophytes

Female gametophytes

Consist of one or more eggs surrounded by protective tissues

Male and female gametophytes dependency

Depend on the sporophyte generation for their survival

Division cycadophyta

Resemble woody trees, have soft stems, or trunks consisting mostly of storage tissue

Divison gnetophyta

These plants can live as long as 1500-2000 years

Ephedra

Under division gnetophyta; used for manufacturing allergy medicine

Welwitschia

Under division gnetophyta; takes in available moisture

Division ginkgophyta

Only one living species represents this— ginkgo biloba

Female trees produce

Cones which, when fertilized, develop foul smell (divison ginkgophyta)

Divison coniferophyta

Conifers range in size from low-growing shrubs that are several centimeters tall to towering trees over 50 meters in height

Pines, firs, cypresses, and redwoods

Examples of conifers

Coniders are the most economically important gymnosperms

They are sources of lumber, paper pulp, and the resins used to make turpentine, rosin, and other products

Reproductive structures of conifers

Develop in cones

Deciduous

A plant that loses its leaves at the end of the growing season or when moisture is scarce

Division anthophyta

Angiosperms (flowering plants), widely distributed plants because of adaptations that enable them to grow in terrestrial and aquatic environments

Percentage of angiosperms

Take up 75% of the plant kingdom

Monocots or dicots

How botanists used to classified anthophytes

Dicots and eudicots

How anthophytes are currently classified by botanists

Monocot

Has one cotyledon and parallel veins with petal counts 3 or multiples of 3

Dicot

Two cotyledons and branched veins with petals count 4 or 5 or multiples of 4 and 5

Annual plant life span

Completes its life span from a seed, grows, produces new seeds, and dies in one growing season or less

Biennial plant life span

Spans two years

Perennial plant life span

Live for several years and usually produce flowers and seeds yearly

Plant cells and tissues

Can be identified by the presence of a cell wall, large central vacuole, and chloroplasts

Parenchyma cells

Thin walled cells found throughout a plant (basis for storage, repair, and photosynthesis)

Parenchyma cell shape

Spherical in shape, their cell walls flatten when they’re packed tightly together with large central vacuoles

Collenchyma cells

Plant cells that are often elongated and occur in long strands or cylinders that provide support for the surrounding cells

Collenchyma cells shape

Flexible and can stretch (enables plants to bend without breaking), thickened walls with lignin, undergo cell division when mature, support growing plants

Sclerenchyma cells

Plants that lack cytoplasm and other living components when they mature, but their thick, rigid cells’ walls remain

Sclerenchyma cells dependency

Provide support for a plant and used for transporting materials within the plant

Sclerenchyma cells makes up

Make up most of the wood we use

Sclerenchyma cells examples

Sclereids and fiber cells

Sclereids

Stone cells, found in seed coats and nut shells

Fiber cells

Humans use these for making ropes, linen, canvas, and other textiles for centuries

Tissue

Group of cells that work together to perform a function

Four different types of tissues

Maristematic, dermal, vascular, and ground tissues

Parenchyma cell function

Storage, photosynthesis, gas exchange, protection, tissue repair and replacement

Collenchyma cell function

Support for surrounding tissues, provides flexibility for plants, tissue repair and replacement

Sclerenchyma cell function

Support, transport of materials

Meristematic tissue

Tissues that make up meristems (regions of rapidly dividing cells)

Cells in meristems

Have large nuclei and small vacuoles

Apical meristems

Meristematic tissues at the tips of roots and stems, which produce cells that result in an increase in length

Intercalary meristems

Found in one or more locations along the stem of many monocots; produces new cells that result in an increase in stem or leaf length like grass

Lateral meristems

Increases in root and stem diameters result from secondary growth produced by two types of these

Vascular cambium

A thin cylinder of meristematic tissue that can run the entire length of roots and stems (produces new transport cells)

Cork cambium

Produces cells that develop tough cell walls (form a protective outer bark on stems)