Gods and Monsters of Ancient Egypt Final

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Senet (prominent ancient Egyptian board game that represented transition into afterlife)

• game with 30 squares each with meaning

• final square has image of Osiris

Book of the Dead Spell 17

central spell that depicts deceased playing Senet while “going forth by day” in any form they wish

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Herodotus, Book 2.73 on the Phoenix

Book of the Dead Spell 175

“spell for not dying again”

• dialogue between the deceased and the creator-god Atum where deceased complains about the conditions of afterlife

• stood as a triumph of the righteous life over forces of upheaval

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unfinished Book of the Dead papyrus

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illustrates ritual episodes of burial, with Anubis over the chest with canonic jars

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tomb scenes showing opening of the Mouth ceremony

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magic bricks placed within the burial chamber to ward off demonic forces at each cardinal direction

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Book of the Dead Chapter 110 - deceased pharaoh in the field of reeds

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Book of the Dead Chapter 110 - Ani in the “Elysian” Fields

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4 steering oars = cardinal points of the sky

• depicts 7 cows and one bull, associated with the day of burial and 7 festivals

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Stela of Ikhernofret

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Stela of Ikhernofret

• describes the drama of the mysteries of Osiris

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takes role as director of drama

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Book of the Dead Spell 30 - “protection against snakes”

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Book of the Dead Spell 162 - “chapter to cause to come into being a flame beneath the head of a spirit”

• spoken by the Ihet Cow

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Book of the Dead Spells 155,177,159

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corn mummy of Osiris

• miniature figure of Osiris with mud and grain seeds

• sees sprouting = resurrection of Osiris and thus all of us

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Book of the Dead Spell 151 with illustrations of various mummy amulets

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magical brick Djed-pillar symbol of “stability”

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Book of the Dead Spells 52-63, meant to provide deceased with food and water

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Scalf’s remarks on threats and horrible things which can happen in underworld

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Book of the Dead of Any, spells 144, 145, 146

• shows Any and his wife before the guardians of the underworld Gates

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Book of the Dead Spell 144 on the gates

• knowing the names of the fearful guardians of the Gates if the Underworld

Teeter points about Temple

• only few priests allowed in sanctuary

• temples were important economic institutions

• some temples transformed into churches in Christian Owriod

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14 columns of the Processional Colonnade

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graffito from the “roof” of the First Court of Luxor Temple

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copying Carian Graffiti Luxor Temple

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Great Temple and Small Temple of Ramesses III at Medinet Habu

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Temple of Medinet Habu on West Bank Luxor

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scene from the tomb of Khons showing him acting as a priest offering incense and liquid purification to the sacred boat of the deified king Thurmond II

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elaborate festival calendar at Medinet Habu temple

Teeter “Inside the Temple” Notes

• light carefully controlled - progressively darker as one processed

• sanctuary (bedroom of god) - most sacred section (has a statue of god in a shrine)

• — many rituals performed on these statues, which was awakened in the mornings dressed, anointed, offered food

• Daily Offering Ritual (3 times daily), whole series of ritual actions performed in name of king by priests

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reconstruction of Luxor Temple Sanctuary

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silver cult statue of Horus or Montu

Teeter points on “Priests”

• priests fully integrated into society

• served in temples part-time

• in later period, were shaved

• “wab-priest” - purified priest (could carry sacred bark with the statue of god within shrine)

Hem-ka

worked in the funerary cult

Lector-priests

reading specialists, recited spells which helped desceased become an akh-spirit

Sem-priest

dressed in leopard-skin robe and with Hairlick, performed Opening of the Mouth Ritual at the funeral

Opening of the Mouth

touched face of mummy with tools to revive the senses of the deceased in the afterlife

Teeter priests continued

• one inherits priesthood

• sexual purity (abstinence before serving in temple)

• possibly circumsion

• organized into Phyles (4 groups, each served 3 months of year)

• pay came from offerings

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Sem-priest opening the mouth of Any

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priests carrying Bark Shrine

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Ritner daily ritual selection

Opet Festival

• major annual national celebration in ancient Egypt, especially imprinting in New Kingdom

• barks of Theben Triad traveled from Temple of Karnak to Luxor Temple

• took place in October or November, typically lasted for 10 days

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bark of Mut being towed to Luxor Temple

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priests singing “Songs of the Drinking Place” during the Opet Festival

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return to Karnak Temple, back home again!

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priests carrying the sacred bark-shrine of Khonsu during the Opet Festival

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ships going from Karnak Temple to Luxor Temple during the Festival of Opet

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graffiti on roof of Medinet Habu

Festival of the Valley

reflected Egyptian underworldly conceptions of the West Bank of Luxor

• celebrated once per year (1st day of the second month of summer)

• parade of statues portraying gods and deceased kings

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banquet scene (shows 2 female guests and a girl serving liquid — consumption of alcoholic beverages was a key element in many celebrations)

Norman and Nina de Garis Davies

• documented many tomb paintings

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Queen Nefertiti is “justified” before Osiris

basic facts about festivals

• enormous number of festivals

• temples show scenes of such festivals in abundance

• Khoiak Festival - celebrated and reenacted the “mysteries of Osiris”

The Amarna Period

Akhenaten wanted to shift the religion from an Amun-based one to one founded on the sun-disk, the Aten. (Completely dismantled after his death)

• year 6 founds new city at Amarna (which is completely abandoned after his death)

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Cleveland Museum Talatat

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Talataat of Akhenaten

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statue of Akhenaten

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famous head of Nefertitit, wife of Akhenaten, now in Berlin Museum

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city of Akhenaten

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Boundary Stela of Akhenaten at Amarna

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boundary stone inscriptions

• hymn to king Akhenaten

• everything really revolved around Akhenaten and his god, the Aten

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Queen Nefertiti very prominent in Amarna Period

• celebrates founding of Akhenaten city of Aten

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shows temple of Aten at Amarna

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restoration stela of Tutankhamun

• found at the Karnak Temple of Amun in Luxor

• King Tutankhamun brought back traditional Amun-based religious after death

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inscription of the Great Hymn to the Aten

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Wenamun argues Prince should help him out and give him timber due to tradition. Then, Prince replies that they gave him something I return, it’s documented in his Daybook.

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penitential stela from deir el-medina

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Setne I

• strange symbols of repenting

• Setne reads the book to everybody, which is very bad

• Setne meets Tabubu, who is really a punishing demon