VENOUS DISORDERS

Venous Thrombosis/DVT

Clotting in a vein, often occurring in the lower extremities.

Virchow Triad

The three factors that contribute to venous thrombosis: stasis of blood, vessel wall injury, and altered coagulation.

Stasis of Blood

Stagnation of blood flow, commonly caused by immobility, bed rest, or prolonged periods of sitting or standing.

Vessel Wall Injury

Damage to the endothelial lining of veins, often caused by trauma, catheterization, or vascular devices.

Altered Coagulation

Changes in blood coagulation state due to factors like hormonal contraceptives, dehydration, or certain diseases.

Clinical Manifestations of DVT

Signs of DVT can include leg circumference differences, erythema, warmth, tenderness, fever, induration, and dilated veins.

Risk Factors for DVT

Includes history of varicose veins, cancer, cardiovascular disease, immobility, obesity (BMI > 35), and older age.

Prevention of DVT

Involves the use of compression stockings, intermittent compression devices, exercise, and anticoagulation medications.

Inferior Vena Cava (IVC) Filter

A device placed in the inferior vena cava to prevent blood clots from traveling to the heart.

Varicose Veins

Dilation of superficial veins that can cause symptoms like dull aches, muscle cramps, and fatigue.

Venous Duplex Scan

An imaging test used to locate reflux and measure the severity of venous problems.

Chronic Venous Insufficiency

A condition where veins are chronically incompetent, leading to symptoms such as edema and skin changes.

Venous Ulcers

Ulcers located in the gaiter area, characterized by excessive drainage and damage to surrounding skin.

Arterial Ulcers

Small lesions located on toe tips and webs, often leading to digital gangrene.

Lymphedema

Swelling due to an obstruction of lymphatic flow, which can be congenital (primary) or acquired (secondary).

Stemmer Sign

A clinical test to assess lymphedema by attempting to pinch a fold of skin at the second toe; a positive sign indicates fibrosis.

Cellulitis

Infection of the skin that occurs when bacteria enter through a break in the skin, leading to swelling, erythema, and pain.

Nursing Management of DVT

Includes monitoring labs, administering analgesics, promoting ambulation, and providing education on prevention.

Surgical Management Options for DVT

May include thrombectomy to remove a clot or placement of an IVC filter.

Treatment of Venous Ulcers

Includes wound cleaning, debridement, and pharmacological treatments, depending on infection status.