HIST 224 -- Pirates and Hackers Final Exam UNR

T.O Map

-8th Century.

-based on Mare Nostrum

-Jerusalem at the center.

-Pirates concept of the known world.

Odysseus

-Homer's Odyssey.

-Originated in Mediterranean seas, with Greek piracy that participated in raids, trading, and abduction.

-The Greeks turned to piracy after the Trojan War.

-"There I sacked the town and put the people to the sword. We took their wives and also much booty, which we divided equitably amongst us..."

-Story of Nobody + Polyphemus: the earliest literature of piracy.

Drake and Hawkins (AKA Sea Dogs)

-16th Century English privateers and slave traders.

-Used contraband by force of arms.

-Led to Anglo-Spanish war.

Asiento

-16-19th century.

-Used to accommodate lack of native slaves, Spain offered the contract to other nations that would supply them with slaves.

-Eventually became harder to regulate and easier for smugglers.

War of Spanish Succession

-1701-1714 Spain, England, France, Germany, Holland.

-King died with no heir, nations fought for land.

-Led to privateers becoming pirates because lack of privateering jobs.

Sugar Revolution

-1650.

-Sugar was in high demand for trade globally and was a defining feature of the new world.

-It was the main moneymaker over gold and silver at the time.-Rise in slave numbers in Barbados.

Contraband by Force of Arms

-Used by Hawkins and Drake in the 1500s.

-Ensured cooperation of trade.

-Allowed for Spanish to claim they "had" to trade with outside forces in defense.

Barbarossa Bros

-Oruc (the eldest brother) and Hizir (the youngest brother).

-Dominated the Mediterranean Sea.

-They created a situation in which corsairing was legitimized.

-Following Oruc's death in 1518, Khizr inherited his brother's nickname "Barbarossa," Redbeard in Italian.

-Khizr, aka Barbarossa, is the well known and popular of the two.

Prize Acts

-Naval Prize Act of 1864.

-All privateers must bring back plunder and documents to UK, integral part in making privateering more of an institution.

Smuggling

-16th and 17th century.

-Mainly utilized by colonists in the New World (especially 13 colonies and the Caribbean).

-Provided a better economy in the colonies and only hindered the state, which in turn caused conflict between the state and the colonies.

Greco-Roman Piracy

-Lots of trade across Aegean Sea.

-Broken up into city states: no central authority--piracy flourishes (no consequences).

-All major Greek cities and coastal towns within 1-2 miles of coastal lines defended from pirate raids.

Somalian Piracy

-Modern Piracy.

-Somali pirates first attacked large fishing boats because they took fish from their waters, then started to take huge cargo ships for ransom.

-This affects the global market greatly because it is a main shipping route (Suez Canal to Gulf of Aden) and piracy is the main source of profit for Somalia.

Declaration of Paris

-Piracy Act of 1700: Jamacia and Bahamas can try pirates as criminals.

-Turned local opinion against pirates.

The U.S. Civil War

-1861-1865.

-Last use of privateers by the U.S. in a war.

-Confederacy had no navy, had to turn to privateering.

-Shows the end of privateering.

Henry Morgan and the Buccaneers

-1635-1688.

-Pirate and admiral for British Navy.

-Puerto del Principe (1668) attacked Cuba with bucccaneers Treaty of Madtrid (1670) Spain recognized as English territory, leading to freedom movement in the Caribbean.

Spanish Main / Mule Trains / Galleons

-The Spanish Main was the vast area of the New World the Spanish controlled in the 16th century.

-Mule trains brought silver and wealth from their colonies to Panama.

-Silver and gold was put onto Spanish Galleons that transported the wealth to Spain.

Ching Shih

-1775-1844, China.

-Most successful Pirate of all time, took over her husbands duties and negotiated with Chinese gov for positions for her crewmembers in military.

Mary Read + Anne Bonny

-1700s.

-English women pirates who were raised as boys.

-Fought with Calico Jack, convicted, got off by claiming pregnancy.

-Representation of the false depiction of pirates, and the sexuality of women.

Grace O'Malley

-1530-1603.

-Daughter of Chief in Ireland, became pirate from widowing.

-Accused of backing rebellion and opposed English encroachment.

-Refused to bow for Queen.

Calico Jack

-1700s.

-Eccentric clothing, not a good pirate.

-Operated mainly in Cuba and the Bahamas.-Harbored women pirates.

-Iconic Jolly Roger skull + crossbones design. "Death, violence, no time."

Prostitution

-Lack of women on boats, progressive pirates still abused and treated women terribly.

-High concentration of men and few women in new world.

-Gender inequality and mistreatment of women.

Piratical Codes, Myths, Superstitions, and Women

-Women on ships are seen as bad luck.

-Some ships had rules against sleeping with or raping women.

Anne Piers of Padstow

-1580s.

-Distributed pirated goods and fenced them out of the British Isles.

-Showed how women played a crucial role in piracy.

-Described as "Loose woman by the docks."

Elizabeth I

-The protestant queen and last of the Tudors.

-During Golden Age.

-Used a vast network of privateers to take from the Spanish and build her empire.-Shows how state was involved in piracy.

-Used privateers like Drake and Hawkins, knighted Drake.

-Inspired the song "Elizabethan sessions: Shores of Hispaniola."

Edward Edmondes

-1604.

-Mother and wife hid him and vouched for him against the state.

-Women saved him by rallying locals against authority.

-Showed how much locals disliked authority and liked social bandits.

Gladys Hulette / The Pirate Fairy

-Prudence the Pirate, 1916.

-Modern piracy and sexualization of female pirates.

Patriarchy / Gender Roles

-Protestants in Golden Age (17th-18th century), particularly Englishmen.

-Church on top, over everything.

-Father in middle, protects and makes money.

-Wife on bottom, manages the house and kids.

-Shows why more women did not take a larger role in piracy.

Torture and the Tale of Two Terrors

-1726 William Fly + Cotton Mather.

-Cotton Mather led a crusade against piracy, tried to get Fly to accept Christ.

-Fly wanted himself to be a warning to all captains and sailors, described the horrible conditions.

-Shows consequence of captains being too harsh and why sailors turn to piracy.

Bartholomew Roberts + The Pirate Code

-1719-1722.

-One of the most successful pirates of the Golden Age, created the Pirate Code that many pirates followed and gave a look into how the ship operated.

-Operated off the coast of Africa and the Americas.

-Last major pirate of the golden age.

The Jolly Roger

-1721-1723, originated in the Americas + Africa.

-Pirates had no fear of death.

-The flag would strike fear into the enemy and was personalized to each pirate.

William Fly

-1726, English Pirate.

-Reigned as a captain for 3 months before being seized and hanged in Boston.

-Public hanging was a sign to mark the end of the Golden Age.

-Known for his speech against ship owners and treatment to sailors.

Cotton Mather

-White American Prominent Massachusetts Judge.

-1663-1723.

-Wanted to cut out pirates from society.

-Known for rhetoric against pirates and the start of the decline of public opinion toward pirates.

Edward Teach

-1720s, English, Blackbeard.

-Savage, struck fear into people.

-Became popular for his capture of the warship Scarborough.

-Operated off coast of Carolina's.

Captain Charles Johnson

-Golden Age.

-Created modern conceptions of pirates, "The General History of Pyrates" (1724) was sensationalized to sell more copies.

Trading Companies / Joint-Stock Companies

-17th and 18th Centuries.

-East India Trading Company had most power, main contributor to the British economy, giving it a lot of power over trade.

-British held and British controlled. Imported spices.

-Shows how much power and control the states gave these companies.

-In a joint-stock venture, stock was sold to high net-worth investors who provided capital and had limited risk.

-The risk was small, and the returns were fairly quick.

Royal Navy + The Golden Age and the Decline of New World Piracy

-Formed in 1546, largely consisted of impressed sailors.

-The impressment of troops, particularly by England, created more pirates.

Social Bandits

-Golden Age.

-They reflect the disruption of an entire society.

-State views them as criminals, people view them as heroes.

Invisible Hand / Invisible Hook

-Early 1700s (Golden Age).

-Criminal self-interest led to pirates hiring black sailors to their crews.

-"Equal paw for equal pray" more valuable as crew than slaves.

-Shows that the effect of piracy on economies is not completely bad in terms of capitalism.

Abolition of the Slave Trade

-1807 (Reconfigured).

-Domestic pressures and interested prevented effective enforcement of the law, which caused demand for smuggling of slaves and corruption at every level.

-Louisiana became a haven for selling slaves.

Sugar

-Spinal cord of Caribbean.

-Intense demands on producing sugar.

-Slavery fueled over sugar productions.

-Backbone of Industrial Revolution.

Jamaica Act of 1683

-Golden Age, passed by parliament of England.

-Prohibited trade with pirates due to increase in profit from sugar.

-Shows switch between methods of income and states feelings towards piracy.

Piracy Act 1700

-Allows trying a pirate in any English colony rather than just in England.

-Allowed people to trust the New World and governors not to cater to pirates.

The Laffite Bros + Piracy, Smuggling, and the Illicit 19th Century Slave Trade

-1780-1823.

-After the Embargo Act of 1807, they moved operations to Barataria Bay, Louisiana.

-Had a very profitable smuggling op and engaged in piracy.

-Got legal pardon for smugglers.

-Helped U.S. in War of 1812.

Contraband

-Helped to advance smuggling and make it more relevant in the new world.

Louisiana, Barataria, and Galveston

-1800s, Reconfigured Era.

-Haven for selling slaves and smugglers, since these cities had swamps and areas to sneak past inspection.

Admiralty Courts

-1340.

-Enforced maritime laws and regulations.

-Established in colonies in 1637.

-Gave punishment to pirates, regulated piracy.

Molasses Acts / Tariffs

-1733.

-Imposed a tax on molasses, sugar, and rum on non-British NA colonies.

-Traders were taxed due to losses from pirate raids.

-First series of taxes that lead to the revolution.

Rise of Free Trade

-Around in the 1600s through 1800s.

-Started to rise in 1750s through 1775s.

-Trade becomes more globalized, in which piracy has evolved to adapt new economic landscape (i..e legal strategies and extracting wealth from foreign governments).

-Seen through the "Revenue Act" of 1764 and "Wealth of Nations" of 1776.

Embargo Act 1807

-Passed by Thomas Jefferson, prohibited American ships from trading in all foreign ports.

-Led to smuggling and impressment of troops by Britain and eventually the War of 1812.

Jim Bowie

-1780-1823, Texas and Louisiana.

-One of the most notorious slave smugglers, worked with pirates, made $1.3 million.

-Bowie knife.

-Worked with Lafitte to illegally smuggle slaves.

Boston, MA + Privateering in 18th and 19th Century

-18th and 19th century smuggling center.

-Biggest town in colonies, strong maritime presence.

-Shows how biggest port in U.S. was central to smuggling and privateering.

7 Years' War

-1756 to 1763.

-Began with fighting between the French and the Colonists.

-Also called the "French and Indian War."

-Turned into a European conflict that involved France, Austria, and Russia against Britain and Prussia.

-Peace was made through the Peace of Paris.

-This ended french power in North America.

War for American Independence

-1775-1783 Revolutionary War.

-U.S. hired as many privateers as possible with John Hancock handing out as many letters of Marque as possible.

-Shows that privateering played a key role in the foundation of this country.

War of 1812

-1812-1815.

-British impressment of U.S. sailors, U.S. relied on privateers.

-British would sail to the Americas, capture merchant ships and claim them as their own, making the merchants British slaves.

-Ended in stalemate.

Commerce Raiders vs Privateers

-Privateers attack any enemy ship that flies a different flag.

-Commerce raiders attack enemy MERCHANT ships.

-Jefferson David and the Confederacy used commerce raiders primarily.

Anaconda Plan and Blockade Runners

-1861-1865 (Civil War) Union set it up to cut off Confederate trade, thus making smugglers more valuable.

-Confederacy used blockade runners that were faster than Union ships.

-Overall, showed how much the Confederacy relied on smuggling.

Jefferson Davis and Stephen Mallory

-Jefferson was the confederate president during the Civil War.

-Mallory served as secretary of the Navy for the confederacy and played a major role in purchasing refurbished ships from Europe and building the confederate Navy.

-Shows how Jefferson Davis and Stephen Mallory devised the plan to rely heavily on smuggling and privateers in the Civil War.

Congress of Paris (Declaration of Paris) + Marcy Amendment

-1856, Paris, France.

-"Privateering is, and is to remain abolished" with the exception of war.

-Marcy Amendment passed in U.S. to say privateering is NOT abolished.

Piracy Trails (Jeff Davis, Petrel, Savannah)

-1861.

-Confederate privateers trying to steal Union ships were charged with piracy.

-Jefferson Davis argued that they were privateers for a sovereign nation.

-Shows the sentiment towards privateering and how it has come to an end.

Hacking / Cracking

-1950s to present day.

-Initially started with the "Tech model Railroad Club" at MIT.

-Early hacking led to the development of modern giant companies (i.e. Apple and Microsoft) which shows how critical it is to our current society.

Hacker Ethic

-Popularized by Steven Levy in his 1984 book "Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution". 6 Tenets.

-Access to computers and anything which might teach you something about the way the world works.

-Should be unlimited and total. Always yield to the Hands-On imperative!

-All information should be free.

-Mistrust authority - promote decentralization.

-Hackers should be judged by their hacking, not bogus criteria such as degrees, age, race, or position.

-You can create art and beauty on a computer.

-Computers can change your life for the better.

The Mentor

-An alias used by "Loyd Blankership," a young man who wrote "The Hacker's Manifesto", a popular essay in hacker culture.

Guy Fawkes

-A man who attempted to assassinate King George I with a massive gun powder explosion to institute a Catholic leadership. He was caught and fell and broke his neck shortly before his execution.

-This is often celebrated on the fifth of November in England.

-Internet groups such as Anonymous use his likeness as a symbol.

-Fawkes's face was used for "V for Vendetta."

Peer-to-Peer

-A process which allows computers to share processing powers making downloading and sharing content possible (i.e. Napstar).

Copyright History

-Started with Aldus Manutius during the Italian Renaissance when other printers would replicate his work and sell it for less

-The Licensing Act of 1662 prevented the printing of treasonable and unlicensed books and pamphlets and regulated the printing press

-First official act on copyright was the Statute on Anne passed by English parliament in 1710.

-The Founding Fathers put a copyright law in the constitution.

Aldus Manutius

-Italian publisher living in the 15th century.

-His works began being copied and sold by rival companies.

-Created the concept of copyright to stop such a thing from happening.

Changing Technology

-1981: computers operated at 1.2Kbps making a mp3 song take 11 hours to download.

-Mid 80s: up to 28.8Kbps but would cost around $1000 to get that computer.

-Mid 90s: emails could be sent in just 3 or 4 seconds.

-1998: 56K speeds downloads became faster but to download a film it would take 59 hours.

-Early 2000s: Online piracy became an issue due to the increase in speed allowing you to download a song in 6 minutes.

-This shows how along with the evolution of the computer we can see this evolution of the hacker as well.

Intellectual Property / Information / Patents / Etc.

-intellectual property and information became property.

-Government restricted access to information.

-People like Aaron Swartz believed all information should be free.

MIT Tech Model Train Club

-Founded in 1946.

-Members started "hacking" (the practice of changing the circuitry of the model railroad track).

-It marked the start of hacking and looking for improvements in electronics--created the term "hacker."

Tor / BitCoin

-An online network which scatters a user's information over seven thousand possible servers, making their identity and location harder to track.

Anonymous / Pseudonymous + Hacking as a Tool: Open-Source and Free Intellectual Trade

-Anti-corporatism and anti-capitalism.

-Business suits with no face--could be anyone.

-Current form in 2008: threatens the church.

-No leadership..

BitTorent (NEEDS MORE EXPLANATION)

-Peer to peer.

-Plants seeds.

-Only takes small parts from each seed.

Open Access

-Open access refers to the practice of making peer.

-Reviewed scholarly research and literature freely available online to anyone interested in reading it.

-Gratis makes it free to look at but you can not copy it.

-Libre allows you to reuse or remix the information.

Open Source

-Software with source code that anyone can inspect, modify, or enhance.

-This allows the free flow of information through the computer code and allows hackers to modify and change something if they think that they can improve it.

Net Neutrality

-ISP enables internet content and apps regardless of source.

-Does not favor or block access.

-ALL internet traffic is same.

Pirate Parties

-Advocates for evidence based policy, egalitarianism, meritocracy, and the hacker ethic as well as the rolling back of corporate personhood and welfare.

-Stand for net neutrality, open access and open source. Sharing is caring (intellectual AND physical).

-Goal is to use open source software/hardware: share info whenever possible.

-in a perfect economy, everyone wins.

Aaron Portnoy

-Founder of Exodus.

-Finds bugs through computer vulnerabilities THEN Sells said bugs to individuals and big companies.

-Represents historic piracy through Jolly Roger.

White Hat / Grey Hat / Black Hat

-White Hats: perform cybercrime but it is permission by the state or a big corporation.

-Grey Hats: Do things that are not completely set in stone illegal but what you are not supposed to do.

-Black Hats: Do the same things that White Hats do but are not given permission.

Reveton

-Crypto lock style program.

-Infected 5 million worldwide and had the potential profit of $800 million.

Ransomware / Data jacking

-Dates back to the 1980s and took off after 2006 starting in Europe.

-Ransomware encrypts all of the information on the computer and you do not get the password unless you give the hacker what they want which is usually around $100-300.

-There is often a time-frame where you have to give them what they want in that time frame or everything in the computer is deleted.

-Police and government or state institutions just like it are often the target because of how old their system is.

DDOS

-Stands for Distributed Denial of Service.

-Overwhelms a computer with information so that the targeted computer can not communicate.

-With everything becoming connected to the internet it is becoming easier and easier for hackers to exploit these systems and use them for an attack.

Sextortion

-Hackers will search computers for explicit photos and then, especially with children, convince them to upload more.

Silk Road and Ross Ulbricht (Dread Pirate Roberts)

- Ross Ulbricht.

-Drug/gun market like amazon.

-Tor borrower.

-Caught and shutdown--tried to build support for his products/ astrosurfed on websites using name "Altoid."

Wikileaks

-Unaffiliated online source that posts secret government and corporate documents.

-Designed to correct abusive practices and promote public dialogue and involvement.

Anonymous + Hacking as a Weapon and Relationship to State Authority

-Hacker group.

-Attacked government, religious/corporations.

-Fights decentralization and internet freedom.

Stuxnet

-USA (NSA) made to stop Iran from using centrifuges.

-Important as it allowed cyber attacks to be used to affect physical things (opened Pandora's box).

Bugs / Cyber Warfare

-Computer bugs are becoming these weapons in cyber warfare which is conducted every day.

-High schoolers are making thousands of dollars if not millions for the computer bugs or zero days that they find being compared to arms dealers in a new war.

Identity Theft

-The rate for identity theft in children is much higher than adults.

-Minors under 18 are targets for identity thieves because they are a blank slate on credit.

-Medical records: $5-$50 per record--past addresses, relatives, bank account numbers, SSN.

Bitcoin + Hacking as a Weapon and Relationship to State Authority

-Digital currency where encryption techniques are used to regulate the generation of units of currency and verify the transfer of funds and operates independent of a central bank.

Ukraine and Russian Hackers

-Russia hacked Ukraine.

-Upturned infrastructure.

-Cut electricity.

Cyber Warfare + Hacking as a Weapon and Relationship to State Authority

-Warfare that was conducted purely in the Cyber realm until the release of Stuxnet and it is a constant pursuit by state entities to try and gain information or data.

Exploit (Zero Days)

-An exploited attack that only the attacker knows about making it harder to solve and find since you never knew it was there in the first place.

_i.e. Stuxnet had 4 and it took the security team a month to even find the main purpose of the attack.

William Gibson

-The man who invented cyberspace.

Deck / Console Cowboy

-A person especially skilled at navigating cyberspace, specifically someone employed as a digital thief, who steals money or data.

Meatspace vs Cyberspace

-Meatspace: a physical world.

V.S

-Cyberspace: a version of space like virtual reality. A virtual environment.

AI

-Artificial Intelligence.

Cybernetics

-Greek: good at steering, governance.

-Integration of IT into the human body, an extension of yourself.

-The scientific study of control and communication in the animal and the machine."

Cyberpunk

-Name used by law enforcement for those who wreak havoc on the internet.

-Street attitude + cybernetics.

-A bad person who does something good on accident--term coined by Bruce Bethke.

Reagan + Cyberpunks and Cyber-Culture

-Shift in political figure that allowed for free electronic market for youth.

-80's saw technological consumer revolution in youth.

Transnational (Multinational) Corporations

-Businesses that operate in multiple countries.