Microbiology Chapter 7 and 9 quiz and study guide for Final

Which of the following terms refers to bacteria reproducing asexually, creating two daughter cells by dividing the cell in half?

binary fission

Extreme thermophiles that live near thermal vents must have all of the following adaptations except

plasma membrane lipids that are highly unsaturated.

Which of the following pH classifications would be able to grow in a pickle jar with vinegar?

acidophiles

Which of the following pH classifications make up most of the pathogens we know today?

neutralophiles

Which of the following terms refers to microbes that thrive in high-salt environments?

halophiles

How do halophiles combat osmotic stress?

They keep a high concentration of organic materials and ions in their cytoplasm.

Staphylococcus aureus tolerates higher solute concentrations but doesn't grow especially well in them. Therefore, it is called a

facultative halophile.

Which group of microbes prefers using oxygen but can survive without it?

facultative anaerobe

Microbes that primarily infect the lungs are likely to be classified as which of the following?

obligate aerobe or facultative anaerobe

Nutrients that a cell needs to build new cells and make up a bulk of a cell's dry weight are called

essential nutrients.

Mycobacterium tuberculosis are grown for 80 hours. During that time, they go through four generations of growth. What is the generation time?

20 hours

The necessary substances that a cell can't make on its own are called

growth factors.

Which type of organism gets energy from breaking down nutrients and uses CO2 as a carbon source?

chemoautotroph

When would a microbiologist want to use broth media?

when growing large batches of microbes

Which type of organism would a microbiologist grow on defined media?

certain autotrophs

Which type of media has ingredients that foster the growth of certain bacteria while suppressing the growth of others?

selective

When would a microbiologist use thioglycolate?

when storing plates anaerobically

Which of the following could result in the wrong patient diagnosis and improper treatment?

using a cotton-tipped swab to collect a suspected pathogen

What is the purpose of the streak plate technique?

to obtain a pure culture from a mixed or unknown source

Which of the following cell-counting methods is capable of differentiating between living and dead cells?

flow cytometer

Which of the following is an indirect cell-counting method?

turbidity measurement

In which growth phase do bacteria grow exponentially?

log phase

A chemical used to control microbial growth on inanimate objects is called a(n)

disinfectant.

The minimum temperature needed to kill all microbes in a sample within ten minutes is called the

thermal death point.

Which of the following methods would surgical staff use to disinfect surfaces in operating rooms?

non-ionizing radiation

Which of the following factors does not affect the efficiency of a germicide?

how the object is used

Which of the following microbes is not correctly matched to an acceptable control method?

Prions: Chlorine treatment

When bacteria use budding for reproduction,

the daughter cells are not equal in size.

How would humans (and many microbes that inhabit the human body) be best described in terms of nutritional requirements?

chemoheterotroph

A patient sample from an infected wound was cultured on medium containing high salt so that only halophilic organisms could grow. In addition, the medium contains mannitol (a sugar alcohol) and phenol red dye that indicates whether or not fermentation of mannitol has taken place by changing to a yellow color as the pH drops. This type of media would best be described as

selective AND differential medium.

In which growth phase do bacteria adjust to their environment and grow little, if any?

lag phase

In which growth phase do bacteria produce antibiotics and endospores?

stationary phase

Which of the following is not an environmental factor that would affect the growth of E. coli?

generation time of E. coli

Which term represents the temperature at which bacteria grow the fastest?

optimal temperature

Which of the following types of organisms is associated with foodborne illness?

psychrotrophs

Which temperature group are most pathogens associated with?

mesophiles

What is the definition of a true pathogen?

does not require a weakened host to cause disease

It is called a ________ vector when the vector has a role in the pathogen's life cycle.

biological

What is the order of the five stages of infectious disease?

incubation period, prodromal phase, acute phase, period of decline, convalescent phase

If you had to choose to be either a chronic carrier or an asymptomatic carrier, which would you choose and why?

asymptomatic carrier because I wouldn't experience any symptoms

When is knowing the host and environmental factors that lead to a disease more important to saving lives than knowing the etiological causative agent?

when there is no cure for the disease

What are the three factors of the epidemiological triangle?

environmental factors, etiological agent, and host factors

Which of the following is not a goal of the public health system?

designs treatments, cures, or vaccines

When is quarantine an effective tool to limit disease?

when the disease has a short incubation time

Why are numerical measures of epidemiological data useful?

They provide insight as to where public health campaigns or prevention efforts may be needed most.

Which of the following would not be important when evaluating measures of frequency?

factors that may be linked to cases of the disease

Endemic infections

are routinely detected in a population or region.

Which of the following would not be important when evaluating measures of association?

duration of the disease

If a population contains 800 individuals and documents 400 cases of measles within the population, what is the prevalence rate?

50%

What is the definition of morbidity?

existence of disease

Which of the following is an example of a rate?

About 4,932 people become infected with HIV each day.

Which of the following statements is not correct with respect to healthcare-acquired infections?

Due to the installation of hand sanitizing dispensers in hospitals, healthcare-acquired infections decreased significantly in the past several years.

Which of the following does not help to limit the spread of healthcare-acquired infections?

transporting patients as often as possible to keep the healthy patients away from the sick patients

Which of the following key HAI's is not associated with its correct cause?

Clostridioides difficile: Causes acute illness that is followed by a high risk of chronic infection that causes severe liver damage and increases the risk of liver cancer

Which of the following is not a reason why healthcare settings are hot zones for antibiotic-resistant pathogens?

Air is recirculated from patient isolation rooms to the rest of the hospital.

When a healthcare provider diagnoses a reportable disease, with whom do they document the case?

local or state public health authority

What is a pandemic?

a widespread disease outbreak that spreads to numerous countries during a specific time frame

What are emerging diseases?

new or newly identified infections in a population

Which of the following is not a reason(s) that we see an increased rate of disease emergence worldwide?

decreased water quality

What is the epidemiological definition of eradication of an infectious disease?

There are no longer any cases of the microbe anywhere in the world for three consecutive years.

Which of the following is not a way that ethical issues emerge in epidemiology?

more visible infections noticeable in the community

What is herd immunity?

the only protection available to those who are unable to receive immunizations due to medical reasons

Why are Koch's postulates not appropriate to use for diseases caused by obligate intracellular pathogens such as viruses?

because obligate intracellular pathogens require growth inside a host cell and cannot be independently cultured

In the 1950s, it was observed that polio spread more widely during the summer months, when children were out of school and ice-cream trucks were commonly seen in neighborhoods. The media reported that an increase in polio in school-aged children could be directly correlated with an increase in the consumption of ice cream during the summer, causing ice cream sales to plummet. What conclusion can be drawn from these observations?

No evidence for causation between consumption of ice cream and an increase in polio should be assumed from these data—more research is needed.

In the year 2000, measles was declared eradicated from the U.S. (no transmission of the virus observed for 12 consecutive months). However, in the year 2019, according to the CDC, there were 1282 cases reported in the U.S. How would the measles virus be best described?

a reemerging pathogen

How is a reemerging pathogen different from an emerging pathogen?

A reemerging pathogen is an infectious agent that was under control due to prevention or treatment strategies but is now resurfacing.

Why are Koch's postulates important to microbiology?

They allow us to identify the causative pathogens of many infectious diseases.

Which of the following pathogenic agents is multicellular?

helminths

Which of the following is an endogenous source of infection?

bacteria from the skin entering a surgical incision

Which of the following is an indirect infectious disease transmission mode?

vehicle

Which of the following infectious disease transmission modes is not correctly paired with an example?

Windborne: Cholera