Anatomical Pathology Exam 1

what is the term that describes a physical examination of an animal after death to determine the abnormal and disease-related changes that occurred during its life

necropsy

T/F: Disease ALWAYS means sickness

false

Why are necropsies performed?

determine accuracy of clinical diagnosis, effects of treatment in research settings, risk of other animals or people when zoonotic diseases are suspected

necropsy facilities should have what features included in their design

adequate lighting, proper ventilation, isolation form surgical and treatment areas, easily cleaned and disinfected, adequate drainage for water and fluids, large enough area

what is the term that describes the person who is performing the necropsy

prosecutor

what is the term that describes the person who is recording all necropsy findings

reporter

what are the three major animal areas where field necropsies are frequently performed

poultry medicine, wildlife, production medicine

what is the first thing you must do before starting your necropsy

obtain owner's written consent

what must the owner be able to do at the time the owner completes the necropsy permission form

correctly ID the animal submitted

what must we do with the animal if the necropsy must be delayed for 24+ hours

freeze it

what must we do with the animal if the necropsy must be delayed for under 24 hours

refrigerate it

what 3 items must be recorded on an animal's necropsy examination sheet if the animal was euthanized

date, time, and method

what three things must you do when beginning your necropsy before ever laying hands on the animal

compare signalment, review medical history and progression of condition prior to death, and review pertinent PE and diagnostic findings

T/F: all PPE and equipment should be dedicated to necropsy to prevent the spread of disease to other animals and people

true

list the basic PPE that is required for all necropsy examinations

scrubs, lab coat or coveralls, rubber boots or plastic booties, 2 pairs of latex or nitrile exam gloves, eye protection

what PPE is considered to be optional

plastic apron, surgical mask or respirator

what is the additional PPE you must wear when working with non-human primates

2 pairs of latex or nitrile gloves, full face shield

what is the additional PPE that you must wear when working with avian species

respirator (N95)

what is one important item you must remember to bring if you are doing a necropsy in the field

fixatives

while completing a necropsy you see dark red 1-2 mm pinpoint dots located on the kidney. how would you describe these findings on a report

petechial hemorrhage

while completing a necropsy you see some purple 2-3 mm circular to irregular dots on the surface of the kidney. how would you describe these findings on a report

ecchymotic hemorrhage

while completing a necropsy you notice that the muscles of left hind leg are enlarged compared to the right hind leg and have a dark red coloration to them. how would you describe these findings on a report

suffusive hemorrhage

petechial hemorrhage

Ecchymotic hemorrhage

Suffusive hemorrhage

while completing a necropsy you find this yellow transparent watery fluid in the thoracic cavity. how would you describe these findings on a report

serous inflammation

serous inflammation

while completing a necropsy you find a thick gelatinous mucoid fluid that is slightly opaque on the intestines. how would you describe these findings on a report

catarrhal inflammation

catarrhal inflammation

while performing a necropsy you find a thick, stringy, elastic whitish-gray fluid that is easily removed from the surface of the liver. how would you describe these findings on a report

fibrinous inflammation

fibrinous inflammation

cloudy red fluid that is found in the abdomen is most likely a sign that there is \________________

hemoabdomen

cloudy red fluid that is found in the thorax is most likely a sign that there is \_____________

hemothorax

cloudy red fluid that is found in the pericardium is most likely a sign that there is \__________________

hemopericardium

a creamy, thick, stringy, white fluid was found in the uterus of an animal during necropsy. what condition does this finding tell us is most likely what is present in the uterus

pus

how would you describe a granulomatous lesion found on a organ

gray to white and firm to hard

granulomas are commonly seen with what conditions

fungal, protozoal, and severe bacterial infections, foreign bodies, autoimmune diseases

when talking about lumps and bumps found during necropsy, what does the acronym CHANG mean

cyst, hyperplasia, abscess, neoplasia, granuloma

what is the term that describes a lump or bump that is lined by the epithelium and dilled with liquid or semisolid material

cyst

what is the term that describes a lump or bump by an increased number of normal cells in the area

hyperplasia

what is the term that describes a lump or bump that is an inflammatory response which contains exudate mainly composed of neutrophils

abscess

what is the term that describes a lump or bump that is a new growth composed of cells, derived from normal tissues, that have undergone genetic changes making them unresponsive to normal growth controls expanding beyond their normal anatomic boundaries

neoplasia

what is the term that describes a lump or bump that is an inflammatory response which contains exudate mainly composed of macrophages

granuloma

what is the term that describes the rough and thickened skin secondary to persistent rubbing, scratching or irritation

lichenification

what is the term that describes fragmented, keratinized cells which appear as flaky skin and are irregular in shape and may be thick, thin, dry or oily

scale

what is the term that describes the loss of the epidermis and basement membrane with exposure of dermis and is concave

ulceration

(vesicles/bulla) are small, circumscribed, elevations of epidermis containing a serous fluid and measure less than 1 cm

vesicles

(vesicles/bulla) are large (\>1cm) and are circumscribed, and elevated from the skin surface, and contain serous fluid

bulla

what is the term that describes a formed outer layer on the skin which is formed through drying of a bodily exudate or secretion

crusts

what is the distribution pattern that is characterized by a single lesion that has discrete margins

focal

what is the distribution pattern that is characterized by a single large spot that accumulates a large percentage (~40%) of the tissue

focally extensive

what is the distribution pattern that is characterized by multiple lesions in varying size that are concentrated to specific area of the tissue or organ affected

multifocal

what is the distribution pattern that is characterized by multiple lesions that vary in size and seem to converge together as they get bigger

multifocal coalescing

what is the distribution pattern that is characterized by individual lesions that are spread over the entire surface with normal tissue surrounding each lesion

disseminated

what is the distribution pattern that is characterized by the entire organ being affected with no normal tissue remaining

diffuse

what is the distribution pattern that is seen in tubular organs such as intestines, esophagus, trachea, vessels, etc. where different sections of these organs are affected by pathology

segmental

what is the term that describes the destruction of tissues and cells by their own enzymes

autolysis

what is the term that describes the process of external microbial flora and internal normal flora breaking down tissues which results in color change, gas production, texture changes, and odor

putrefaction

T/F: post-mortem autolysis and putrefaction occur simultaneously resulting in decomposition

true

what are the 4 factors the affect onset of post-mortem changes

cause of death, environmental temperature, body temperature at time of death, microbial flora present in the body

in more (temperate/arid) climates, autolysis is more prevalent

arid

in more (temperate/arid) climates, putrefaction is more prevalent

temperate

(higher/lower) body temperatures result in more rapid and severe post-mortem change

higher

(carnivores/herbivores) contain larger amounts of bacteria within the GI tract making putrefaction much more rapid and severe

herbivores

how long do neurons and cardiac cells survive in the body after the animal dies

2 minutes

how long do liver and kidney cells survive in the body after the animal dies

about an hour

what is the term that describes blood pooling on the dependent (down) side of the animal after death due to gravity

livor mortis

how long after death does the process of livor mortis begins

30 min-1 hour

how long will it take clotted blood vessels to become fixed in place in the body once livor mortis has begun

12-24 hours

what is the term that describes the contraction of muscles after death resulting in rigidity of the body

rigor mortis

\____ and \_________ are required for muscle relaxation and are depleted after death so the muscles contract in rigor mortis

ATP, glycogen

how long after death does it take for rigor mortis to begin in the body and for how many days does it usually last

1-6 hours, 1-2 days

reddish-brown, foul-smelling discharge coming from the oral and nasal cavities from a dead body is also known as "\______ \______"

purge fluid

what is usually going to be seen in the body when agonal breathing has occurred and has caused ruptured blood vessels in the bronchi and trachea that is then mixed with with fluid and air from the lungs

froth

to determine if froth is a post-mortem change , the froth would be present in the (proximal/distal) 1/3 of the trachea

distal

if froth in the body extends beyond the distal 1/3 of the trachea, this means there was what condition in the animal

pulmonary edema

what post-mortem change can occur secondary to bloat as increase pressure is exerted on the abdominal cavity post-mortem

rectal/vaginal prolaspe

what is the post-mortem change that occurs as a result of post-mortem gas production in the lumen of the GI tract and can be severe enough to rupture the diaphragm creating positive pressure in the chest cavity

bloat

what is the term that describes gas production occurring in secondary tissues secondary to putrefaction

emphysema

what is the term that describes the increased darkening of the pigmentation of the tissues as a result of increased pigment-like granules in cells such as macrophages in the tissue

melanosis

T/F: melanosis is a true post-mortem change

false; is an incidental finding

where can melanosis occur in the body

organs and tissues including the meninges, aorta, uterus, lungs

what is the post-mortem change that is seen by the blue-green discoloration of the tissues that results from the reaction of H2S production from bacterial putrefaction and iron from the hemoglobin of lysed RBCs reacting to form iron sulfide

pseudomelanosis

what is the post-mortem change that is characterized by the red staining of tissues due to the breakdown of vessel walls and lysis of RBCs secondary to autolysis and can be mistaken for hemorrhage

hemoglobin imbibition

what is the post-mortem change that is characterized by a bile leakage from the gallbladder stains surrounding tissues a yellow to greenish-brown color and is also known as pseudoicterus

bile imbibition

T/F: post-mortem intussusceptions are easily reduced (corrected)

true

what conditions are needed to determine if intussusception is a post-mortem change

lack of edema, inflammation, or fibrin at the site

what post-mortem change might occur after death if the animal was struggling to urinate or defecate at the time of death and is when blood vessels rupture and blood pools under the mucosa in these areas leaving a tiger-striped lesion

mucosal reddening of the colon and bladder

what post-mortem change is characterized by the clouding of the lens of the eye when the body is frozen or chilled after death

post-mortem cataracts

what is the post-mortem change where clotted blood pools after death and heavier RBCs settle to the bottom with the yellow serum settling on top of the clot

chicken fat clot

(post-mortem/antimortem) clots will be shiny, wet, unattached to vessel walls, and form a perfect cast of the vessel in which it formed

post-mortem

(post-mortem/antimortem) clots will be dry, dull, attached to arterial walls, and have a tail extending downward from the point of attachment

antimortem

how many zoonotic diseases are known to exist and how many are clinically significant

over 150; fewer than half

what percentage of all pathogens affecting humans are zoonotic

60%

what is the term that describes disease caused by previously unknown agents or by known agents in a species or location previously unknown

emerging zoonosis

what percentage of recent emerging infectious diseases are of animal origin

75%

what are the 3 major disease monitoring agents

WHO, CDC, NH

if a disease can spread through blood, feces, urine and laboratory cultures, this means this is transmittable through \___________ \______

direct contact

if a disease can spread through arthropods or insect bites, this means this is transmittable through \_________

vectors

if a disease can spread through aerosolization, and fomites such as bedding, food, or water, this means this is transmittable through \________ \_________

indirect contact