Pharmacology Exam Review Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering pharmacology concepts including drug mechanisms, side effects, and clinical indications based on the lecture notes.

Enalapril

A prodrug that acts by inhibiting the angiotensin converting enzyme and is known to cause fetal renal anomalies.

Lisinopril

An ACE inhibitor that is not a prodrug and can cause side effects like dizziness, cough, and angioneurotic edema.

Salicylates

A class of drugs, including aspirin, that would be removed by dialysis in cases of toxicity.

Aspirin

An analgesic with covalent interaction with its target that is used in MI prophylaxis because it inhibits Thromboxane A2 ($TXA_2$) synthesis via cyclooxygenase inhibition.

Heparin

An anticoagulant given by IV route that does not cross the placental barrier and is antagonized by protamine.

Gentamicin

An aminoglycoside antibiotic that is nephrotoxic and is not effective against anaerobes.

Spironolactone

An aldosterone antagonist used for hypertension and CHF; it can cause side effects such as hirsutism and gynaecomastia.

Procaine

A local anaesthetic that is not an amide; it acts by inhibiting the influx of $Na^+$.

Edrophonium

A drug used for the diagnosis of myasthenia gravis.

Neostigmine

An anticholinesterase used for postoperative reversal of muscular paralysis; it antagonizes nondepolarizing blockade by increasing acetylcholine at the motor end plate.

Atropine

A competitive antagonist that acts on central and peripheral cholinergic receptors, causing tachycardia, mydriasis, and constipation.

Suxamethonium

A muscle relaxant that causes fasciculations and is metabolized by pseudocholinesterase.

Dobutamine

A selectively $\beta-1$ agonist used in the treatment of cardiac failure.

Dopamine

The drug of choice for cardiogenic shock.

Tamsulosin

A selective $\alpha-1a$-adrenoblocker.

Esmolol

A selective $\beta-1$ blocker with the shortest plasma half-life.

Morphine

An opioid analgesic that causes miosis, bradycardia, and sedation; tolerance does not develop to its constipating effect.

Buprenorphine

An opioid partial agonist of the mu ($\mu$) receptor.

Naloxone

A pure opioid antagonist.

Carbidopa

A drug given along with levodopa to prevent peripheral decarboxylation of levodopa.

Amantadine

A drug used in parkinsonism that acts by inhibiting replication.

Haloperidol

An antipsychotic drug that commonly causes akathisia and extrapyramidal syndrome side effects.

Zolpidem

A sedative-hypnotic that produces only sedation and hypnosis but with less sedation than diazepam.

Flumazenil

An antagonist to benzodiazepines like diazepam.

Fluoxetine

A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor ($SSRI$) used as a nonsedating antidepressant; its common side effect is loose stools.

Aminophylline

A drug that inhibits the enzyme phosphodiesterase.

Sodium Cromoglycate

A drug used for mast cell stabilization.

Zileuton

A $5$-lipooxygenase inhibitor used in the treatment of bronchial asthma.

Ondansetron

A $5HT_3$ antagonist used as an antiemetic by acting on the chemoreceptor trigger zone.

Misoprostol

A prostaglandin $E_1$ ($PGE_1$) analogue beneficial in NSAID-induced gastric ulcers.

Digoxin

An inotropic agent that inhibits the $Na^+/K^+$-ATPase pump; its toxicity is aggravated by hypokalemia and precipated by renal disease.

Quinidine

A Class I antiarrhythmic that acts as a $Na^+$ channel-blocker.

Lovastatin

A lipid-lowering drug that inhibits $HMG-CoA$ reductase.

Clonidine

An $\alpha_2$ selective agonist used in the treatment of opioid withdrawal syndrome.

Sumatriptan

The drug of choice for the treatment of acute migraine.

Furosemide

A loop diuretic used in pulmonary edema that can cause hyperuricemia, ototoxicity, and hypokalemia.

Ciprofloxacin

A fluoroquinolone that acts by inhibiting DNA gyrase.

Isoniazid ($INH$)

An antitubercular drug whose metabolism is under genetic control and can cause pyridoxine deficiency.

Rifampicin

An antitubercular drug that inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase and causes orange-colored urine.

Zidovudine

A Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor ($NRTI$) that acts by reverse transcriptase inhibition.

Nevirapine

A Non-Nucleoside Reverse Transcriptase Inhibitor ($NNRTI$).

N-acetyl-cysteine

An antidote for poisoning due to paracetamol.

Methotrexate

A chemotherapy drug that acts by inhibiting dihydrofolate reductase.

Finasteride

A $5$ alpha reductase inhibitor.