Exam 1 Combined Review

Allopathic medicine

Traditional or conventional Western medicine practiced by MDs, often contrasted with alternative medicine.

Osteopathic medicine

A branch of medicine practiced by DOs that includes modern medical benefits along with osteopathic manipulative medicine.

Differences between MD and DO

Indistinguishable training in recent years, though DOs receive additional training in manipulation therapy.

Chiropractor

A non-physician (DC) who treats neuromusculoskeletal health problems using spinal adjustments and manipulation.

Podiatrist

A specialist (DP) devoted to the study and treatment of foot and ankle disorders.

OT (Occupational Therapist)

Promotes health by enabling people to perform meaningful activities ranging from daily needs to computer use.

The Match

A private, non-profit organization established in 1952 at the request of medical students to provide an orderly and fair mechanism for matching the preferences of applicants for U.S. residency positions with the preferences of residency program directors.

Intern (in Medicine)

The first year of required postgraduate training after medical school.

Resident (in Medicine)

Required post-graduate training for MD or DO graduates to practice medicine; collectively known as house staff.

Fellowship (in Medicine)

Optional period of medical training after residency used to subspecialize in a specific field.

Hospitalist

Physicians (usually internal medicine or family physicians) who provide care to admitted patients.

Concierge Medicine

A model where patients pay a fee for increased access and same-day appointments with a primary care physician.

Direct Primary Care

An alternative payment model with a flat membership fee and cash payments per visit, avoiding insurance billing.

APP (Advanced Practice Provider)

Non-physician providers including Nurse Practitioners (NP) and Physician Assistants (PA).

PT (Physical Therapist)

Provides services to restore function, improve mobility, and relieve pain for patients with injuries or diseases.

hypo

low

iatr(o)

doctor

infra

beneath

inter

between

mal

bad

megal(o)

large

necr(o)

death

opsy

examination

osis

condition

phleb

vein

poly

many

post

after

poster(i)

back, behind

pseud(o)

false

supra

above

therm

heat

Hospital Compare

A website that provides quality of care information for over $4,000$ Medicare-certified hospitals, including over $130$ VA medical centers, to help consumers find and compare hospitals.

Hospital-Associated Infections (HAI)

Also called hospital-acquired infections; these are infections patients acquire while receiving treatment for other conditions within a healthcare setting.

Central line-associated bloodstream infections (CLABSI)

A laboratory-confirmed bloodstream infection in a patient who had a central line within the $48$-hour period before the infection developed.

Catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)

An infection involving any part of the urinary system (urethra, bladder, ureters, or kidney) that occurs due to the use of an indwelling catheter.

Purewick

A non-invasive urine management system used for both males and females as an alternative to urinary catheters.

Surgical site infection (SSI)

An infection that occurs after surgery in the specific part of the body where the surgical procedure was performed.

Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP)

A lung infection that develops in a patient who is using a ventilator to assist with breathing.

Clostridioides difficile Infection (CDI or C-diff)

A symptomatic infection caused by spore-forming bacteria, resulting in watery diarrhea, fever, nausea, and abdominal pain.

No longer reimbursed by the government or insurance companies

Why healthcare acquired infections are important to healthcare administrators

angio

vessel

arteri(o)

artery

ather(o)

fatty

brady

slow

cardi(o)

heart

cyan(o)

blue

gram, graph

record

intra

inside

itis

inflammation

lys(is)

dissolve

logy

study of

logist

physician

Sign

Something that a healthcare provider measures.

Vital signs

Pulse, Blood Pressure, Respiratory Rate, Temperature, and Pulse oximetry.

Symptom

Something that the patient tells the provider that they have experienced (e.g., short of breath).

Sphygmomanometer

A device used to measure blood pressure.

Hypertension

Abnormally high pressure in the arteries. Affects $1$ in $5$ Americans and increases the risk for heart attack, stroke, and renal failure.

Primary Hypertension

The most common type of hypertension; it has no known cause and is likely related to genetics.

Secondary Hypertension

Hypertension caused by another disease, most commonly hyperthyroidism.

Epicardium

The outer layer of the heart.

Myocardium

The heart muscle.

Endocardium

The lining of the heart, including the heart valves.

Endocarditis

Inflammation of the inside of the heart, usually involving one or more heart valves.

Coronary arteries

Blood vessels that supply blood to the heart, branching off the aorta at its base.

Cardiac Stress tests

Tests where a person walks on a treadmill or uses a stationary bike while being monitored by ECG; drug injection is used if physical exercise is not possible.

Treadmill Stress Test

Heart monitoring via continuous ECG while the patient exercises on a treadmill; approximately $70\%$ sensitive and $70\%$ specific for blockages.

Pharmacological Stress Test

A stress test using medication (e.g., Dobutamine) for patients unable to perform physical exercise on a treadmill.

Nuclear stress tests

A type of radionuclide imaging using an injected isotope to show images of blood flow into the heart muscle.

Radionuclide imaging

The production of images of internal body parts using cameras that detect radioactive emissions from an injected radionuclide.

Stress Echo

A procedure combining an echocardiogram with an exercise stress test, involving resting, stress, and post-stress imaging.

Cardiac CT

The use of a CT scan to identify coronary artery disease; advantages include identifying other medical problems, but disadvantages include high radiation and cost.

Electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)

A quick, simple procedure that amplifies and records the heart's electrical impulses on paper.

Echocardiogram

An image of structures inside of the heart produced by ultrasound waves

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narrow

steth(o)

chest

tachy

fast

therap

treatment

thorac(o)

chest

thromb(o)

clot

ven(o)

vein

Cardiomyopathy

Progressive impairment of the structure and function of the muscular wall of the heart chambers, often caused by ischemic heart disease.

Cardiomegaly

A medical term for an enlarged heart.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A disorder in which the heart pumps blood inadequately, leading to reduced blood flow and congestion in the veins and lungs.

Left-sided heart failure

A condition where the left ventricle cannot pump blood from the lungs, causing shortness of breath (dyspnea) and weakness.

Right-sided heart failure

A condition where the right side of the heart cannot empty blood from venous circulation, leading to swelling (edema) in the lower extremities.

B-type Natriuretic Peptide (BNP)

A hormone secreted by cardiomyocytes in the heart ventricle in response to stretching; elevated levels are an indicator of congestive heart failure.

Pericarditis

Inflammation of the pericardium, the two-layered sac-like tissue surrounding the heart.

Peripheral Vascular Disease

Blockage or narrowing of arteries in the limbs (usually legs), often due to atherosclerosis.

Intermittent claudication

The most common symptom of peripheral arterial disease, results from gradual narrowing of a leg artery. A painful, aching, or cramping feeling in leg muscles during physical activity that is promptly relieved by rest.

Atrial Fibrillation and flutter

An irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) in the atria that can lead to blood clots, stroke, or heart failure.

Arrhythmia

A group of conditions characterized by a heartbeat that is irregular, too fast, or too slow.

Ventricular fibrillation

An uncoordinated series of rapid, ineffective ventricular contractions; it is fatal unless CPR is initiated.

Defibrillation

The delivery of electrical energy to the heart to terminate an arrhythmia and allow the sinoatrial node to reestablish a normal rhythm.

Coronary artery disease (CAD)

A condition where the blood supply to the heart muscle is partially or completely blocked.

Low density lipoprotein (LDL)

The "bad" cholesterol that contributes to fatty buildups (atherosclerosis) in the arteries.

High density lipoprotein (HDL)

The "good" cholesterol that carries LDL away from the arteries and back to the liver for breakdown.

Statins

A class of drugs specifically used to treat high cholesterol.

Atherosclerosis

The development of fatty deposits (atheromas) in the walls of arteries, leading to narrowed or blocked blood flow.

Hands-only CPR

A method for lay-person resuscitation on adults that involves deep, fast chest compressions without mouth-to-mouth breaths.

Automated external defibrillator (AED)

A portable device that automatically diagnoses life-threatening arrhythmias like ventricular fibrillation (VF) and pulseless ventricular tachycardia (VT) and treats them through defibrillation.