General extra stuff

Number of Uighur ☪ in 🇨🇳

12m

% of Xinjiang province that is Uighur

42%

Uighur as an ID

• Speak own language

• See selves as central Asian not 🇨🇳

🇨🇳’s intervention in Xinjiang province

• Mass migration of Han 🇨🇳 people (now 40% of pop) and Uighurs feel under threat

• 🇨🇳 gov’t sending Uighur men to ‘reeducation camps’

• Then send gov’t officials to replace fathers that have been sent away, encouraging them to speak 🇨🇳 and cooking 🇨🇳 food etc

Surveillance of Uighurs

• One of the most surveyed groups, incl microphones, cameras and makeshift police stations

3 reasons for lack of action in Xijiang

1. 🇨🇳 global soft and hard power

2. 🇬🇧 self-interest

3. R2P but 🇨🇳 has a veto

Impact of recent 🇭🇺 election result

• Former gov’t very anti-🇪🇺

• Orbán’s defeat led to rise in Hungarian equities and investor sentiment due to expectations of more stable governance

€ of 🇪🇺 recovery funds frozen due to disagreements with 🇭🇺

€10bn

🇭🇺 and 🇪🇺

• Hungary remained sovereign under Orbán but 🇪🇺 norms tied its economic position tightly to the org

• Sovereignty exercised within framework of institutional interdependence

• Orbán could veto and obstruct 🇪🇺 initiatives but this had fiscal and reputational consequences

Future of 🇭🇺

• Not perfect as Orbánism is ideologically and institutionally embedded within 🇭🇺

  • Will make Magyar’s job harder

• 🇭🇺 will still be pretty anti-migration, esp due to public

Foxcon City

• Apple factory in 🇨🇳

  • Has nets to catch people who jump out of the windows due to the awful conditions

🇦🇪 and OPEC

• Left the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries in 2026

  • OPEC aims to coordinate and unify the oil, gas and energy policies of its member countries

  • Ensures stability of international oil market

• Represents breakdown of events in ME

Trump and power

• Said his power is constrained only by his own morality

🇮🇷 and what it shows

• Lack of regime change shows limits to 🇺🇸 hard power

• USA has not caused regime change and external pressure has actually reinforced internal cohesion in Iran

• 🇨🇳 has benefitted by providing secure energy supplies and presenting itself as responsible and neutral

• Ceasefire does show that states prioritise security and that diplomacy has not worked

2025 coalition of the willing

• Founded by individual states to help 🇺🇦

• Leaders agreed to maintain spending on defence and aid for 🇺🇦

• Said that Europe must do the heavy lifting — not 🇺🇸, 🇺🇳 or NATO

Trump and 🇺🇦

• Paused military aid to 🇺🇦 when he became president

Trump’s ‘liberation day’

• Trump put a base 10% tariff on all countries in April 2025, which went to 145% on 🇨🇳 at one point

  • Threat to free trade (feature of globalisation and threat to liberal economies)

Trump and NATO

• Criticised European defence spending

  • Threatened lack of commitment to Article 5 as a bargaining chip to get this increased

• Also criticised and threatened to pull out after 🇬🇧/🇪🇸/🇫🇷 lack of support for 🇮🇷 war

3 recent events that show soft→hard power shift

1. Trump’s capturing of Maduro in Venezuela

2. Iran War

3. Trump’s threat to invade Greenland

UNSC and Strait of Hormuz

• 2026 🇷🇺 and 🇨🇳 vetoed Bahranian resolution to protect commercial shipping in Strait of Hormuz

  • 11/15 members supported it

  • Would have forced states to coordinate defensive measures to ensure safe navigation through the state

  • Criticised for this by 🇫🇷

IMF and 🇵🇰

• Given $7bn Extended Fund Facility due to balance of payments crisis

  • IMF now has more influence over Pakistan

  • Also required publishment of an anti-corruption plan

  • Wanted Pakistan to introduce agricultural income tax along with other taxation reforms

2026 ICJ and Sapodilla Cayes

• Belize and Honduras dispute over the islands

  • ICJ ruled Belize’s sovereignty over the islands

  • Showed ICJ resolves disputes between countries

ASEAN response to tariffs

• Held emergency meeting and expressed concern over them

  • Chose negotiations over counter-tariffs

• Showed role in protecting small states through coherence and pulling economic weight