Patho Unit 2

Innate Immunity

Present at birth; fast, nonspecific defense with no memory

Adaptive Immunity

Specific immune response that develops after exposure and has memory

Neutrophils

First responders; phagocytic cells that form pus

Macrophages

Large phagocytes that present antigen using MHC II

Natural Killer Cells

Kill virus-infected and cancer cells without antigen specificity

C3b

Opsonization

C5b-9

Membrane Attack Complex (MAC)

Primary Intention

Healing with minimal tissue loss and little scarring

Secondary Intention

Healing with significant tissue loss and more scarring

MHC I

Found on all nucleated cells; presents endogenous antigens to CD8 cells

MHC II

Found on macrophages and B cells; presents exogenous antigens to CD4 cells

CD4 Helper T Cells

Coordinate and regulate immune responses

CD8 Cytotoxic T Cells

Kill infected and abnormal cells

IgG

Crosses placenta; most common antibody

IgM

First antibody produced during infection

IgA

Main antibody in secretions such as tears, saliva, and breast milk

IgE

Associated with allergies and parasites

Type I Hypersensitivity

IgE-mediated; allergies, asthma, anaphylaxis

Type II Hypersensitivity

IgG/IgM-mediated cell destruction; transfusion reactions

Type III Hypersensitivity

Immune complex-mediated; lupus

Type IV Hypersensitivity

T-cell mediated; poison ivy and graft rejection

SCID

Severe combined immunodeficiency affecting both B and T cells

AIDS

Acquired immunodeficiency caused by HIV

HIV

Targets and destroys CD4 helper T cells

Incubation Period

Time between pathogen entry and symptom onset

Prodromal Stage

Early nonspecific symptoms of infection

Acute Stage

Peak disease with characteristic symptoms

Convalescence

Recovery phase

Plasmodium

Parasite that causes malaria

Candida albicans

Common fungal pathogen

Sympathetic Nervous System

Fight-or-flight system

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Rest-and-digest system

Cortisol

Stress hormone that raises glucose and suppresses immunity

Benign

Noncancerous tumor that does not metastasize

Malignant

Cancerous tumor that can invade and metastasize

Metastasis

Spread of cancer to distant sites

Carcinoma

Cancer arising from epithelial tissue

Adenocarcinoma

Cancer arising from glandular epithelium

Sarcoma

Cancer arising from connective tissue

Osteosarcoma

Cancer of bone

Leukemia

Cancer of blood or bone marrow

Lymphoma

Cancer of lymphatic tissue

Melanoma

Cancer of melanocytes

TNM Staging

Tumor, Nodes, Metastasis

T in TNM

Tumor size and local invasion

N in TNM

Lymph node involvement

M in TNM

Distant metastasis

Stage IV Cancer

Distant metastasis present

HPV

Associated with cervical cancer

HBV/HCV

Associated with hepatocellular carcinoma

H. pylori

Associated with gastric carcinoma

Asbestos

Associated with mesothelioma

Radon

Associated with lung cancer

ACTH-producing Small Cell Lung Cancer

Causes Cushing syndrome

ADH-producing Small Cell Lung Cancer

Causes SIADH

PTH-producing Squamous Cell Lung Cancer

Causes hypercalcemia

EPO-producing Renal Cell Carcinoma

Causes polycythemia