HHD UNIT 3 AOS 2 CHANGES IN HEALTH STATUS

health status indicators

self assessed

life expectancy

hale

mortality (3)

morbidity

incidence

prevalence

bod

yll

yld

daly

crude rate

5 categories of diseases

infectious and parasitic

cancers neoplasms

cvds

respiratory

injury and poisoning

mortality patterns

types of diseases that kill us

infectious diseases

can be transmitted from one person to another

covid19, tb, polio, small pox, hepatitis, stis (syphilis and other venereal)

used to be most common mortality

parasitic diseases

occur when parasites (worms, skin mites, body lice and protozoa) enter the body through contaminated food or water or from contact with others who have parasites on their skin or hair

from poor living conditions

was gastroenteritis, diphtheria, scarlet fever, whooping cough and mesles, now is hiv/aids, hep c

cause of mortality in children

cancer neoplasms

lung rose due to smoking

cvd

circulatory disease involving the heart and blood vessels that interfere with how the blood cis circulated around the body

ischaemic or cerebrovascular

still major cod

ischaemic heart disease

damage to heart muscle caused by narrowed arteries restricting oxygen flow

coronary heart diseases, heart attack

cerebrovascular disease

conditions affecting blood flow to brain, often due to heart related issues

stroke

respiratory disease

affects lungs and other body parts involved in breathing

covid, pneumonia, influenza, asthma, copd

death rates fallen over century but still common in those working in mining industry where there are minimal oh and s regulations in place

injury and poisoning

include motor vehicle accidents, suicide, assault, poisoning, drowning, burns, falls, complications in medical care

death rates decreasing reflect public health actions introduced by the gov like seatbelts

work related accidents were high due to dangerous working conditions involving exposure to harmful substances due to limited ohs policies

workers often paid additional allowance danger money when agreeing to work in risky or hazardous environments

public health

the ways in which the government monitors, regulates and promotes health status to prevent disease

old public health

government funded measures that improve the physical environment and prevent trasmission of communicable disease

initiatives associated with old public health

improved water and sanitation

better quality housing and fewer slums

better quality food and nutrition

introduction of quarantine laws

safer working conditions

more hygienic birthing practices

provision of antenatal and infant welfare services

mass immunisation programs

improved water and sanitation

separate human waste and water supplies

garbage and waste removed from the streets

infectious diseases reduced

better quality housing and fewer slums

laws required all houses to have drains and sewage system or cesspit

required ventilation and to be better designed with less overcrowding

aimed to clean up slums in major cities

reduced death from respiratory and infectious diseases

improved food and nutrition

food often transmitted disease from bacteria, parasites, toxins and viruses due to poor hygiene and storage

public health campaigns promoted importance of food hygiene, fruits and veg

fridges after ww2 reduced risk of harmful preservatives in meat curing

school milk program after ww1 provide kids milk

reduce stomach cancer

increased resistance to infectious and respiratory diseases

improved working conditions

better ventilation and toilets

employment under 13 prohibited reducing industrial related child mortality

harvester judgement 1907 minimum wage helped reduce poverty

workplace regulations prevented people working in dangerous conditions reducing workplace industries

mass immunisation programs

scientific discovery of vaccines got gov to fund mass vaccinations for examples

reductions from infectious diseases

establishment of public health campaigns

targeted prevention of tb and stis to reduce prevalence

more hygienic birthing practices

safe and hygienic birthing conditions with trained and registered midwives and doctors

antenatal and infant welfare services provided

established post ww2 to reduce fertility, lower infant maternal mortality rate

quarantine laws

bubonic plague triggered introduction of strict quarantine laws to prevent arrival and transmission of infectious diseases from other countries

shift to health promotion

process of enabling people to increase control over and improve their health

life expec increase, patterns of disease and illness now lifestyle diseases

make people aware of causes of ill health to improve behaviour

biomedical approach to health

focuses on the physical/biological aspects of disease and illness and is a medical model practiced by health professionals associated with diagnosis, treatment and curing of disease

use tech to diagnose and cure to get someone back to preillness state of hw

focuses on the individual

advantages of biomedical model

funding improves tech and research

enables many conditions to be treated effectively

extends life expectancy

improves quality of life and hale (chronic)

disadvantages of biomedical approach

costly relies on professional health workers and technology

not always promoting good hw (preventative)

not every condition can be treated

affordability

limitations of the biomedical model

o   Not every condition can be treated

o   Not affordable

o   Not always promoting good hw

dominance of medical science

20th century people shift from old public health to curative and restorative medicine as they understand how to treat disease 2234 increase demand for hospital and medical care

advances in medical technology

better diagnosis, treatment and cure for many diseases

vaccines, penicillin antibiotic, diseases and defects can be cured with technology

biomedical approach and cvds

major death cause in 9th century due to no cure treatment or diagnosis of cvd

sphygmomanometer and stethoscope enabled blood pressure measurement

heart lung bypass machine allows more time to undertake complicated heart procedures

development of antihypertension drugs ,

surgery to bypass obstructions in coronary arteries

social model of health

approach recognising improvements in hw can only be achieved by directing effort towards addressing physical sociocultural and political envionrments of health that have an impact on individuals and population groups

awareness of consequences will mean behaviour will change

introduction of HP strategies w biomedical approach

inequalities of wealthy having better health outcomes 2234 factors beyond the control fo the indvidiual that can affect health outcomes

strengths fo the social model

promotes good hw and assists disease prevention

more holistic approach to hw

less expensive than biomedical

focuses on vulnerable population groups

education can be passed between generations

responsibility of hw is shared

limitations of social model

not every condition can be prevented

does not promote devleopment of tech and medical knowledge

does not address hw concerns of indviduals

hp messages may be ignored

ottowa health charter

who international conference on hp providing framework to help organisations incorporate hp ideas into their strategies, policies and campaigns

health promotion

process of enabling people to increase their control over and to improve their health 2234 prevention ratehr than cure using disease cause as a starting point over diseases themselves

5 action areas of the ottowa charter

build healthy public policy

create supportive environment

strengthen community action

develop personal skills

reorient health services

build healthy public policy

relates directly to the decision sny gov and org regarding laws and policies that make it more difficult for people to undertake unhealthy behaviuors and seek to make healtheri choices the easier choice

removing gst on unprocessed foods, increasing tobacco and alcoholic tax, banning smoking and public places, compulsory seatbelt wearing to directly influence behaviour

create supportive environments

recognises impact broader determinants have on health, wellbeing and health status

aims to promote healthy physical and sociocultural environment for all community members, supportive environment promotes hw by being safe stimulating satisfying and enjoyable

quitline, safe working environment, shaded areas in school playgrunds, smoke free environment

strengthen community action

focuses on building links between indvidiuals and the community, centring around the community working together to achieve a common goal

community gets ownership of hw strategy, working together increase likelihood itll be effective

immunisation strategy involving media, doctors schools and parents to achieve higher immunisation rates for children

develop personal skills

main aspect is education refers to gaining health related knowledge and skills that allow people to make informed decisions that might indirectly affect hw

eg talking to resolve conflict not violence, how to cook healthy meals

can be in variety of places - school, work, families, gov and non gov organisations

reorient health services

refers to changing the health system so it promotes health and wellbeing rather than just focusing on diagnosing and treating illness as is the case w the biomed model

address all factors influencing hw not just diseases so shift to health promotion where doctors are educator

focus of health promotion

smoking and vaping, alcohol, road safety, skin cancer, overweight and obesity, aboriginal and torres strait isalnder people’s health, healthy eating

issue targeted by hp as they

contribute significantly to BOD in Australia

incur substantial costs through healthcare, absenteeism, loss of productivity and social security payments

associated w considerable social impacts like avoidable deaths and inequalities between population groups

all have modifiable component and if addressed, significant improvements can be made

initiatives programs for ATSI peoples