Cell Organelles: Membranous and Non-membranous Parts

Practice questions covering the structure and function of major and subcellular organisms, including membranous and non-membranous cell parts.

What is the primary role of the Nucleus in a cell?

It is the control center of the cell and contains most of the genes that control the cell.

Describe the structure of Chromatin based on the provided diagram.

Chromatin consists of DNA-Helix wrapped around Histones to form Nucleosomes, which then form a Solenoid and Chromatin fiber leading to a condensed chromosome.

What are the three primary functions of the Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)?

Synthesis of lipids, detoxification of drugs and poisons, and storage of calcium ions.

What distinguishes the Rough ER from the Smooth ER in terms of structure and function?

The Rough ER contains ribosomes and is involved in the synthesis of proteins and some fats, also acting as a membrane factory.

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus?

It processes and packages proteins and substances produced by cells.

Identify the 'receiving' and 'shipping' faces of the Golgi apparatus.

The receiving side is the cis face and the shipping side is the trans face.

Which organelle is associated with the term 'Autophagy' and what does it mean?

The Lysosome; autophagy means 'self-eating,' referring to the organelle's ability to break down wastes and engulf damaged organelles.

What is Apoptosis and which organelle helps in this process?

Apoptosis is programmed cell death, and it is helped by the Lysosome.

Identify the inner components of a Mitochondrion as shown in the anatomy diagram.

Ribosomes, DNA, matrix, outer membrane, inner membrane, intermembrane space, cristae, and the $F_o$ and $F_1$ portions.

In a Chloroplast, what is a stack of thylakoids called?

A Granum.

Describe the two events of the endosymbiotic theory mentioned in the transcript.

1. An ancestral eukaryote consumed aerobic bacteria that evolved into mitochondria. 2. A descendant consumed photosynthetic bacteria that evolved into chloroplasts.

What is the function of a Vacuole?

It acts as a storage container for water, food, enzymes, wastes, and pigments.

How does a Peroxisome manage toxic products?

It contains enzymes that transfer $H_2$ from substrates to $O_2$ to produce $H_2O_2$, and then converts the toxic $H_2O_2$ to $H_2O$.

What are the two types of Ribosomes and their general characteristic?

The two types are Free and Bound; they are sites where the cell assembles proteins and are not bound by a membrane.

What is the role of the Centriole?

It aids in cell division by helping move genetic material and is involved in organizing microtubules (cytoskeleton) in the cytoplasm.

Where is the Cell Wall located and what are its layers in plants?

It is a rigid, protective barrier located outside of the cell membrane, consisting of the middle lamella, primary wall, and secondary wall.

List the organelles categorized as Double-Membrane Compartments.

Nucleus, Chloroplast, and Mitochondrion.

Which structures are classified as having 'No Membrane'?

Cell Wall, Cytoskeleton, Centriole, and Ribosome.

List the organelles categorized as Single-Membrane Compartments.

Endoplasmic Reticulum, Golgi Body, Vesicle, Vacuole, and Lysosome.