Physics Final: Study Guide

Lab Safety Rule 1

Wear PPE (googles)

Lab Safety Rule 2

Alert people when you launch stuff

Lab Safety Rule 3

Don't point projectiles at people or breakables.

Lab Safety Rule 4

Stay aware of what's going on around you

Lab Safety Rule 5

Let the teacher know immediately if anything unsafe happens

Lab Safety Rule 6

Know where the safety equipment is

Which of the following statements are true of the quantity mass?

It is a measurement of inertia of an object.

If an object is at rest, what can we conclude?

That no net force is acting on it.

Which one of the following statements is true of an object moving at constant velocity?

These objects have forces that are equal and opposite and cancel each other out.

The coefficient of static friction and the coefficient of kinetic friction have which relationship?

Static friction is always greater than kinetic friction.

Which one of the following statements is true of an accelerating object?

If an object is moving to the right and slowing down, the net force must be towards the left.

Which of the following statements are true of a dropped object?

All of the above.

Which of the following statements are true of a dropped object?

The speed it falls at is dependent upon the acceleration of gravity.

A 2.0kg book is pushed at constant velocity across a table with a coefficient of friction of 0.10. What is known about the force of friction.?

It is equal and opposite the pushing force.

Which force is greatest?

The normal force on the 15,0000 N trailer.

Which force is smallest?

The friction between a tire and the road while rolling like normal.

A space shuttle takes off from Florida and circles Earth several times, finally landing in California. While the shuttle is in flight, a photographer flies from Florida to California to take pictures of the astronauts when they step off the shuttle. Who has the bigger displacement, the photographer or the astronauts?

They have the same displacement

In which scenario is displacement the same as distance?

When the distance travelled is along a single straight line.

Which one of the following statements is an accelerating object?

If an object is moving to the right and speeding up, the acceleration must be towards the right.

If the average velocity of a car is zero over a specific chunk of time, what can you say about the car’s motion?

All of the above.

Why can a speedometer not measure velocity?

It can’t measure your direction.

If a passenger train is traveling on a straight track with an eastern velocity and a western acceleration, what does that mean for the train's motion?

The train is slowing down.

Which of the following statements is true of acceleration?

Acceleration’s sign depends on the direction of motion and how the velocity changes.

What are the horizontal and vertical components of a cat’s displacement when the cat has climbed 8 m directly up a tree?

X = 0 m & Y = 8 m

Under what circumstances would a vector have components that are equal in magnitude?

When the angle is 45 Degrees

What is the same when comparing a freefalling object and a horizontal projectile that start at the same height?

All of the above

In which scenario is the vertical displacement zero?

When the distance travelled is along a horizontal line.

If a boat is travelling 30 m/s East, and the river current is pushing it 5 m/s North, which formula lets you figure out the magnitude of its overall velocity?

A^2 + B^2 = C^2

What difference between a freefalling object and a horizontal projectile is correct?

The horizontal projectile has a constant horizontal velocity (Vx), the free-falling object does not.

Emily kicks a ball 6.0 m directly across the field to Kara. Kara kicks the ball 14.5 m down the field to Luisa. What direction is the ball’s displacement?

Diagonal from Emily to Luisa

Why is the path of a projectile parabolic? (ignore air resistance to answer this question)

In the horizontal direction the speed is constant, but in the vertical direction the speed increases.

If you were shooting a cannon off a cliff at a ship below, what would affect how far the cannonball can go? (x).

All of the above.

An escalator is 20.0 m long. If a person stands on the escalator, it takes 50.0 s to ride to the top. If a person walks up the moving escalator with a speed of 0.500 m/s relative to the escalator, how long does it take the person to get to the top?

A shorter amount of time than just riding.

A ball is projected horizontally, from the edge of a table that is 1.00 m high, and it strikes the floor at a point 1.20 m from the base of the table. What type of motion is this an example of?

Horizontal projectile motion

How does air resistance affect a projectile?

All of the above.

Frame of reference

A system for specifying the precise location of objects in space and time.

Displacement

The change in position of an object.

Average Velocity

The total displacement divided by the time interval during which the displacement occurred.

Instantaneous Velocity

The velocity of an object at some instant or at a specific point in the object’s path.

Acceleration

The rate at which velocity changes over time; an object accelerates if its speed, direction, or both change.

Free Fall

The motion of a body when only the force due to gravity is acting on the body.

Scalar

A physical quantity that has magnitude but no direction.

Vector

A physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction.

Resultant

A vector that represents the sum of two or more vectors.

Components of a Vector

The projections of a vector along the axes of a coordinate system.

Projectile Motion

The curved path that an object follows when thrown, launched, or otherwise projected near the surface of Earth.

Force

1. An action exerted on an object which may change the object’s state of rest or motion.

2. Change in momentum/time interval

Inertia

The tendency of an object to resist being moved or, if the object is moving, to resist a change in speed or direction.

Net force

A single force whose external effects on a rigid body are the same as the effects of several actual forces acting on the body.

Equilibrium

The state in which the net force on an object is zero.

Weight

A measure of the gravitational force exerted on an object; its value can change with the location of the object in the universe. A force, mass is not, but they are often measured in the same method.

Normal Force

A force that acts on a surface in a direction perpendicular to the surface.

Static Friction

The force that resists the initiation of sliding motion between two surfaces that are in contact and at rest.

Kinetic Friction

The force that opposes the movement of two surfaces that are in contact and are sliding over each other.

Coefficient of Friction

The ratio of the magnitude of the force of friction between two objects in contact to the magnitude of the normal force with which the objects press against each other.

Work

The product of the component of a force along the direction of displacement and the magnitude of the displacement.

Kinetic Energy

The energy of an object that is due to the object’s motion.

Work–Kinetic Energy Theorem

The net work done by all the forces acting on an object is equal to the change in the object’s kinetic energy.

Potential Energy

The energy associated with an object because of the position, shape, or condition of the object.

Gravitational Potential Energy

The potential energy stored in the gravitational fields of interacting bodies.

Elastic Potential Energy

The energy available for use when a deformed elastic object returns to its original configuration.

Spring Constant

A parameter that is a measure of a spring’s resistance to being compressed or stretched.

Mechanical Energy

The sum of kinetic energy and all forms of potential energy.

Power

A quantity that measures the rate at which work is done or energy is transformed.

Momentum

A quantity defined as the product of the mass and velocity of an object, and mathematical representation of inertia.

Impulse

The product of the force and the time over which the force acts on an object.

Perfectly Inelastic Collision

A collision in which two objects stick together after colliding.

Elastic Collision

A collision in which the total momentum and the total kinetic energy are conserved.

Centripetal Acceleration

The acceleration directed toward the center of a circular path.

Centripetal Force

The net force that is directed toward the center of an object’s circular path.

Gravitational Force

The mutual force of attraction between particles of matter.

Newton's 1st Law

Objects don't change their motion unless pushed or pulled by a force.

Newton's 2nd Law

F = ma

Newton's 3rd Law

Every action has an equal & opposite reaction

Normal Force

The force that holds you up and opposes gravity. Always perpendicular to the surface

Displacement (x)

How far from start to finish in a straight line.

Distance (d)

How far long the path you took.

Time (t)

How long it takes you.

Velocity (v)

How fast and what direction you are going.

Acceleration (a)

How much your velocity is increasing or decreasing. Gravity is constant on Earth Ag = 9.81 m/s^2.

(-) Acceleration or deceleration

When the acceleration or force is in the opposite direction it is moving.

Relationship Acceleration and velocity

In opposite directions

Units matter

Meters, seconds, meters per second, meters per second squared

Formulas

Relationships between measurable quantities

X

Regular displacement or horizontal displacement

Use of trigonometry

To figure out other things, like x & y components, and all things that are not straight horizontal or straight vertical.

Horizontal Projectiles Formulas

Simplified formulas (Ax = 0, Viy = 0)

Perpendicular forces (and perpendicular motion)

Do not affect each other.

Relationship Freefalling objects and horizontal projectiles

Same time to hit ground, same Vy, same vertical behavior

Light

Frequency/wavelength is related to colors of visible light (Red = low frequency, blue/violet = high frequency).

Sound

Frequency = pitch

The Doppler Effect

1. As an object moves toward you, the waves it emits seem to increase in frequency (redshift).

2. As an object moves away from you, the waves it emits seem to decrease in frequency (blueshift).

Kepler's 3 Laws of planetary motion

The planet's mass doesn't influence the time period or speed of the orbit, only' the sun's mass matters

Kepler's 1st law

The planetary orbits are ellipses, and the sun is 1 of the focal points.

Kepler's 2nd law

Equal amounts of time in orbit result in equal volumes of the ellipse.

Kepler's 3rd law

A planet's orbital's time period (T) is related to the distance between the planet & sun ®. Equation: T^2 symbol r^3

The Big Bang

1. The universe started as a single point and exploded from there.

2. The universe is still expanding

3. The cosmic background radiation is the leftover energy from the Big Bang

Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation

One of the 4 fundamental forces (gravity, charge, 2 nuclear forces)

Circular Motion

Every particle with mass is attracted to every other particle with mass

A centripetal force is…

Pulling the object toward the center.