AP Human Geography Unit 6b

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46 Terms

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Annexation

Legally adding land area to a city in the United States.

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Basic industries

Industries that sell their products or services primarily to consumers outside the settlement (mining, forestry)

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bedroom communities

commuter towns inhabited by people who drive or take public transport to another city for work.

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blockbusting

A practice in which realtors persuade white homeowners in a neighborhood to sell their homes by convincing them that the neighborhood is declining due to black families moving in

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Brownfield

A property whose use or development may be complicated by the potential presence of hazardous substances or pollutants

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Business services

A service that primarily meets the needs of other businesses, including professional, financial, and transportation services.

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Census block

the smallest geographic area for which the Bureau of the Census collects and tabulates decennial census data, are formed by streets, roads, railroads, streams and other bodies of water, other visible physical and cultural features, and the legal boundaries shown on Census Bureau maps.

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Census tract

An area delineated by the U.S. Bureau of the Census for which statistics are published; in urban areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods.

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Combined statistical area

In the United States, two or more contiguous CBSAs tied together by commuting patterns.

A Core-based Statistical Area is a CBSA

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Commuter zone

The outermost zone of the concentric zone model is the commuter zone, which includes the suburbs. These are the people who live furthest away from the central business district and therefore have to commute the greatest distance to work.

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Consumer services

A service that primarily meets the needs of individual consumers, including retail, education, health, and leisure services.

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Density gradient

The change in density in an urban area from the center to the periphery.

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DINK

Double-income-no-kids: a married couple where both individuals have jobs with no children.

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Economic base

A community's collection of basic businesses.

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eminent domain

the power of federal, state, and local governments to acquire land from private landowners and convert it to public use or to a use with public benefit.

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environmental justice

the official government policy that all American citizens deserve to be treated equally with regard to the passage and application of environmental laws— regardless of where they live.

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Filtering

a process of change in the use of a house, from single-family owner occupancy to abandonment.

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galactic city model (peripheral model)

A model of a city's internal organization in which the central business district remains central, but multiple shopping areas, office parks, and industrial districts are scattered throughout the surrounding suburbs and linked by metropolitan expressway systems

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gentrification

The displacement of lower-income residents by higher-income residents as an area or neighborhood improves

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ghetto

During the Middle Ages, a neighborhood in a city set up by law to be inhabited only by Jews; now used to denote a section of a city in which members of any minority group live because of social, legal, or economic pressure.

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Gravity model

The idea that the closer two places are, the more they will influence each other

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Greenbelt

A zone of grassy, forested, or agricultural land separating urban areas

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inclusionary zoning

Municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable for people with low to moderate incomes

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informal settlements

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures.

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Infrastructure

The basic physical and organizational structures and facilities (such as buildings, roads, and public utilities) needed for the operation of a society

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Mixed-land use development

property that incorporates two or more different uses, and may include a variety of housing types, within a single development - housing, shopping, recreation

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municipalities

A city or town that has corporate status and local government.

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New urbanism

An approach to city planning that focuses on fostering European-style cities of dense settlements, attractive architecture, and housing of different types and prices within walking distance to shopping, restaurants, jobs, and public transportation

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NIMBY

Abbreviation for "not in my backyard"; term for a person who tries to prevent the construction of affordable housing and other types of development in their neighborhood

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Nonbasic industries

A business that sells products primarily to consumers in the same settlement.

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Public housing

Government-owned housing rented lo low income individuals, with rents set at 30 percent of the tenant's income.

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Public services

A service offered by the government to provide security and protection for citizens and businesses.

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Quaternary economic activity

The portion of the economy dedicated to intellectual and informational services, such as scientific research and development

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Quinary economic activity

The portion of the economy where the highest-level management decisions are made in the areas of business, government, education, and science

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redlining

The practice of identifying high-risk neighborhoods on a city map and refusing to lend money to people who want to buy property in those neighborhoods

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Service

Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it.

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Slow growth cities

A city that changes its zoning laws to decrease the rate at which the city spreads horizontally, with the goal of avoiding the negative effects of sprawl

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Smart growth

Policies that combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation

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Social area analysis

Statistical analysis used to identify where people of similar living standards, ethnic background, and lifestyle live within an urban area.

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Sustainable development

Development that meets present consumption needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their consumption needs

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unincorporated areas

areas that do not fall within the legal boundary of a city or municipality.

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Urban heat island

A mass of warm air in cities, generated by urban building materials and human activities, that sits over a city

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Urban infill

The expansion of urban building onto unused land that is otherwise surrounded by used land (filling in the gaps)

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urban renewal

Large-scale redevelopment of the built environment in downtown and older inner-city neighborhoods

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White flight

The mass movement of white people from the city to the suburbs

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Zoning ordinance

A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community.