Exam 2 Review

Which of the following statement about protists phylogeny is correct?

The group "protist" is paraphyletic and the group "Archaeplastida" is monophyletic

Why has the development of fruit been a trait that was selected for in angiospems?

because fruit can increase dispersal of seeds

Kelp, a multicellular photosynthetic seaweed that is anchored to the seafloor by rootlike structures and can grow to heights of 60 m, is a kind of

Stramenopile

You find something green growing in water. Like a good biologist, you collect the green thing and subject it to a battery of scientific tests. You figure out that the female gametophyte retains the embryo within its tissues. Armed with this fact, you can confidently rule out the possibility of this green thing being a...

Chlorophyte

The marine, free-living Stilbonematinae (a type of round worm in the phylum Nematoda) inhabit marine sands and are characterized by an association with ectosymbiotic bacteria. The bacteria are Gram-negative, coccus, chemoautotrophic sulfur oxidizers. Which of the following accurately describes these bacteria?

They are round-shaped, use energy from inorganic molecules to create organic molecules and have a thin peptidoglycan cell wall

What kind of life cycle is this, and what happens at #4?

zygotic, meiosis

Many flower traits are specifically attractive to a certain type of pollinator. For example, the scent of rotting flesh is very attractive to certain flies, but is not attractive at all to most other pollinators. What adaptive purpose is served by this kind of "niche marketing" of flowers to specific pollinators?

Attracting specialized pollinators helps to increase the likelihood that pollen will be delivered to another flower of the same species. If more generalist pollinators were used, the odds would be greater that pollen will end up on the stigma of a different species.

In what way does the green alga Ulva lactuca shown below resemble land plants?

It has a complex life cycle with alternation between multicellular diploid and haploid generations.

Eukaryotic __________ plastids are the result of an endosymbiotic event that involved cyanobacteria as endosymbionts. Since this original endosymbiotic event, some DNA may have been exchanged between the two symbiotic partners in a process called

primary plastids.....horizontal gene transfer

You are trying to determine whether the green organism that you found in a pond sample is a charophyte or simple plant. Finding which of the following characteristic would be most helpful in doing so?

Sporic life cycle

Photosynthesis by bryophytes and lycophytes 300-360 million years ago removed ________ from the atmosphere, which produced a ______ global climate which eventually promoted the success of seed plants.

carbon dioxide . . . drier, cooler

A population of red oaks is found on an island off the coast of Maine which has historically had very few herbivores. In the 1990s, the winter moth, an invasive species, was introduced to Maine and establishes a healthy population on this island. Winter moths are herbivores and consume oak leaves.

Directional selection is likely going to cause an increase in the concentration of phenolic compounds (secondary metabolites), in leaves

Which of the following organisms is most closely related to your pet cat?

choanoflagellates

Which of the following is a distinctive feature shared by all land plants?

Growth from apical meristems

Which of the following cellular structures is characteristic of amoebas?

pseudopodia

A species of plant lives close to a hot, dry environment. Which adaptation would help this species to colonize the hot, dry habitat?

Leaves that have low surface area to volume ratio

Which of the following protists is NOT a type of algae?

Amoebozoan

Chemoheterotrophic bacteria obtain their carbon from ________ and their energy from ________.

organic molecules... organic molecules

Which of the following traits are present in both Archaea and Eukarya?1. ether linkages in cell membranes2. histones3. mitochondria4. chromosome(s)

2 and 4

A tree produces ovulate and pollen cones, and no flowers. By what mechanism is the pollen of this plant most likely to be dispersed?

Wind

Which of the following statements about the conifer life cycle is accurate?

Conifer pollen grains contain male gametophytes.

Photosynthesizers in the ___________________ have primary plastids, which were aquired by endosymbiosis of a ___________________.

Archaeplastida . . . autotrophic prokaryote

While observing a gram stained bacteria, you note that the specimen has a purple color. This means that:

The specimen's peptidoglycan's layer is thick, making it a Gram positive bacteria

Bacteria are important in the global carbon cycle because

some can fix N2 and thereby increase primary production rates

Kale, bananas, strawberries, corn, and broccoli are all plants that can be purchased at your local grocery store. What feature unites all of these plants?

The evolution of all of them was shaped by thousands of years of artificial selection.

Of the following, the plant that has an adaptation that allows it to be the tallest is

fern, because of its vascular system

In the figure below, which letter represents a spore?

D

Which of the following groups is NOT in the same supergroup as land plants?

brown algae

In which group is the sporophyte generation smaller than and completely dependent upon the gametophyte generation?

bryophytes

Which of the following groups of plants is most likely to undergo the process of coevolution with a pollinating animal?

A cherry tree

You find a bloom of blueish green microscopic organisms in a coastal embayment. After bringing some cells from it back to the lab you find that they release oxygen as they photosynthesize, and that they have no nucleus. You therefore determine that this bloom contains

Cyanobacteria

You find a plant with four basic plant adaptations. Which adaptation would most direcly indicate that the plant is able to tolerate very dry desert habitats?

Seeds

Which trait appeared at #2 in the cladogram below?

Vascular tissue

Chlorophytes and land plants have the following characteristics in common:

both include species that can create habitat for animals

Which of the following is true concerning flowering plants?

The flower includes sporophyte tissue.

I'm interested in building a nice coffee table from a plant in my backyard. What kind of plant would be the LEAST useful for my project?

One with flagellated sperm

All protists

are eukaryotic

what kind of life cycle is this and what structure is represented in "D"?

Sporic, sporophyte

Bacteria can gain new genetic material in many ways. How many of the following pairs are correct?

Binary fission - two bacteria exchange genetic material via a sex pilus

Transduction - a bacteriophage virus injects DNA through cell wall

Transformation - a bacteria take up free-floating DNA from the environment

Conjugation - a bacteria splits into two bacteria after copying its genetic material

Two are correct

These silica shells were created by a protozoan with filose pseudopodia. That organism is a

radiolarian, a type of Rhizarian

Which of the following organisms is most closely related to land plants?

Green algae

Which of the following statements correctly describes a portion of the pine life cycle?

Female gametophytes use mitosis to produce eggs.

Modern cultivated corn looks very different from its wild ancestor, teosinte. The process that led to the morphological changes from teosite to corn is

artificial selection and directional selection

Which of the following structures is important in locomotion for Amoebozoans?

pseudopodia

An Archaea that lives in ponds that have 3 times the salinity of open ocean water could be described as a...

halophile

The life cycle below is a _________, and the unicellular structures shown in #2 are ___________.

alternation of generations, haploid gametes

Binary fission...

Is a form of asexual reproduction

Vascular plants are

a monophyletic group and the presence of vascular tissue is a homology

Today, there are around 250,000 species of angiosperms, yet fewer than 1000 species of gymnosperms. In many ecosystems, angiosperms also dominate in terms of biomass. Which of the following is a likely reason for the success of angiosperms?

Their flowers attract pollinators, which enhances fertilization rate and reproductive success

Seaweeds cannot have highly specialized tissues because they do not have

apical meristems

Which of the following traits first appeared at #1 in the tree below?

Alternation of generations

How have fruits contributed to the success of angiosperms?

by facilitating dispersal of seeds

Which of the following mechanism of horizontal gene transfer in prokaryotes involves a physical connection between two cells?

conjugation

A new species of unicellular prostist is discovered. This species has a life cycle where the gametes are the only haploid cells produced. Gametes cannot divide to form new haploid cells but they may fertilize other gametes to form diploid cells. What type of life cycle is this?

gametic life cycle

Which of the following traits are present in both archaeans and bacteria?1. ester linkages in cell membranes2. presence of cell wall3. presence of mitochondria4. presence of DNA

2 and 4

Both cyanobacteria and some species of eukaryotes are able to photosynthesize. What is the reason for this?

Some eukaryotes obtained the ability to photosynthesize through endosymbiosis which at some point involved cyanobacteria

Which two organisms are most closely related?

1)Brown algae

2)Radiolarians

3) Red algae

4)Diatoms

1&4

Which of the following characteristics tends to limit bryophytes and seedless vascular plants to habitats that are relatively moist?

presence of flagellated sperm

Plastids in the cells of photosynthetic eukaryotes

have DNA that is very similar to that of cyanobacteria

Spruces and pines both have needlelike leaves, with the adaptive advantage of ________.

decreased surface area, reducing water loss

Retaining the embryo on the living gametophyte of land plants ________.

allows it to be nourished by the parent plant

You find an organism that lives in the wet sand at the beach. You take it back to your lab and look at it under the microscope. Under the microscope, you can see that this organism has a long flagellum that is lined with tiny hair-like protrusions. You can also see that there are some organelles that appear to be brown in color. After running some tests, you find that this organism is able to photosynthesize. How can this organism most likely be classified?

Stramenopile

Rhodophytes and land plants have the following characteristics in common:

ALL OF ABOVE:

(both can create habitat for animals

both can photosynthesize

both include organisms that are multicellular)

A small plant species lives on the edge of ponds and relies on diffusion to bring various molecules to different parts of its body. The evolution of vascular tissue in this plant would allow it to gain which of the following advantage?

The ability to grow taller thereby increase spore dispersal

During the Carboniferous period, photosynthesis in immense swamp forests removed ________ from the atmosphere, which produced a ______ global climate which eventually promoted the success of seed plants.

carbon dioxide . . . drier, cooler

Pyrolobus fumarii is a species of Archaea that lives near hydrothermal vents. It uses inorganic hydrogen sulfide as an energy source to create organic molecules from with carbon from CO2. You could describe P. fumarii as a

chemoautotroph

Pollen may be dispersed via all the following EXCEPT:

animals eating flowers

The genus of the bacteria Streptococcus pneumoniae refers in part to its shape. You can expect that under a light microscope these bacteria should look

Round-shaped

The life cycle shown below is a

sporic life cycle

Protists all

have their genetic material in a membrane-bound nucleus

You are hiking in a forest and come upon a mysterious plant, which you determine is either a lycophyte sporophyte or a monilophyte sporophyte. Which of the following would be most helpful in determining the correct classification of the plant?

whether it has microphylls or megaphylls

A particular species of protist has obtained a chloroplast via primary endosymbiosis. You know this because the chloroplasts ________.

have two membranes

Horizontal gene transfer is responsible for...

The presence of DNA sequences that seems to belong to cyanobacteria, inside the nuclear genome of a diatom

A full grown oak tree is a...

Mature sporophyte

Which of the following groups includes the protists that reside within the cells of corals?

dinoflagellates

What adaptations should one expect of the seed coats of angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by frugivorous (fruit-eating) animals, as opposed to angiosperm species whose seeds are dispersed by other means?

The seed coat should be able to withstand high acidity, and the seed coat should be resistant to the animal's digestive enzymes.

A porous test (shell) of calcium carbonate, through which thin pseudopodia protrude, is characteristic of ________.

foraminiferans

In addition to seeds, which of the following characteristics is unique to the seed-producing plants?

pollen

Bacillus anthracis is a species of Bacteria that can be fatal to humans if ingested in food or drink. It could be classified as a

pathogen

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