'Family diveersity is now the norm in contemporary Britain'

What is P1?

PM sociologists argue that the TNF has been replaced by a plurality of equally valid family forms

What is P1 evaluation?

PM position can be criticised for overstating the degree of genuine choice available to individuals

What is P2?

NR argues that family diversity represents moral and social decline with damaging consequences for children and communities

What is P2 evaluation?

Criticised on empirical and ideological grounds

What is P3?

Ethnic diversity represents a significant dimension of family structure variation that challenges eurocentric accounts of family change

What is P3 evaluation?

Important to avoid treating ethnic communities as cultural homogenous

What are the thinkers/examples of P1?

• Stacey

• Weeks, Heaphy and Donovan

• ONS data 2021

• Giddens

• Weeks

• Beck and Beck-Gernsheim

What are the thinkers/examples for P1 evaluation?

• Parsons

• Murray

What are the thinkers/examples of P2?

• Murray

• Dennis and Erdos

• Centre for social justice 2020

• Fletcher

What are the thinkers/examples for P2 evaluation?

• Chester

• Barrett and Mcintosh

• Smart

What are the thinkers/examples for P3?

• Modood et al

• Berthoud

• Reynolds

• Bhatti

What are the thinkers/examples for P3 evaluation?

• Archer

• Mac an Ghail

What did Stacey argue in P1?

PM is characterised by its instability and diversity, there is a range of families that different individuals actively construct and reconstruct across the life course

What did Weeks, Heaphy and Donovan argue in P1?

In research on same sex couples found that non-biological networks of support and intimacy are increasingly recognised as legitimate family forms.

What did ONS 2021 data show?

only 25% of UK households consisteted of the TNF

What did Giddens argue in P1?

Pure relationships

What did Weeks argue in P1?

In LM, the democratisation of intimacy enables individuals to define their own family norms rather than conforming to externally imposed structures.

What did Beck and Beck-Gernsheim argue in P1?

Traditional family scripts have been replaced by biological choice - people are freed from but also burdened with the responsibility of constructing their own intimate lives

What did Parsons argue in P1 evaluation?

TNF remains functionally essential for primary socialisation and the stabilisation of adult personalities - functions that no alternative arrangement has been shown to perform equally well.

What did Murray argue in P2?

Welfare dependency has undermined the incentive to form stable two parent families

What did Dennis and Erdos argue in P2?

Rising rates of lone parenthood in WC communities and link these to declining community norms

What did the centre for social justice 2020 show?

Family fragmentation costs the UK state £48 billion annually in welfare

What did Fletcher argue in P2?

Argued that the modern nuclear family has actually taken on more not fewer functions compared to pre-industrial families - making it more rather than less important to social stability.

What did Chester argue in P2 evaluation?

NF remains the dominant norm - most people spend the majority of their lives within nuclear family households and apparent diversity relfects life course variation

What did Barrett and Mcintosh argue in P2 evaluation?

The NF is itself a site of oppression for women and children and the the NR nostalgia for its restoration ignores the domestic violence, patriarchal control and economic dependence that characterised it historically.

What did Modood et all argue in P3?

Found significant variation in family structures across ethnic groups - south asian families showed higher rates of extended family households while African caribbean families had notably higher rates of lone motherhood and matrifocal households

What did Berthoud argue in P3?

British pakistani and Bangladeshi households were the most likely to be large, multigenerational and structured around extended kin networks, reflecting collective family obligation and economic pooling.

What did Reynolds argue in P3?

African caribbean family structures reflect creative adaptations to historical experiences of slavery, migration and labour market exclusion rather than deviance from a white nuclear form

What did Bhatti argue in P3?

South asian family arrangemnts relfect a distinct set of values emphasising Izzat (family honour) , duty to elders and collective over individual identity.

What did Archer argue in P3 evaluation?

Found significant variation in family values and practices within south asian communities across generation, class and gender

What did Mac an Ghail argue in P3 evaluation?

Warns against cultural essentialism - attributing family structures to fixed cultural values rather than to material circumstances - which can reproduce racial stereotypes under the guise of celebrating diversity.