SUSTAINABLE TOURISM (WEEK 9-LESSON 9)

Mitigation

as “the implementation of measures designed to reduce the undesirable effects of a proposed action on the environment."

1. Prevention and control measures

2. Compensatory measures

3. Remediation measures

USAID categorizes mitigation measures into 3 types

Prevention and control measures

to fully or partially prevent an impact or risk by changing the means or technique, changing the site, or specifying operating practices.

Compensatory measures

to offset the adverse impacts in one area with improvements in another area. e.g an area may be planted with new trees to compensate for clearing a site for constructing a hotel.

Remediation measures

to repair or restore the environment after damage is done.

• Minimizing Carbon Footprint

• Air Pollution Mitigation

• Waste-Saving Technologies

• Solid Waste Reduction

• Sustainable Building Design

• Mitigation Measures to Reduce Noise

• Mitigation Measures to Reduce Light

7 Mitigation Measures

Alternative fuels are available

A number of _______. Alternative fuels such as biodiesel, ethanol, propane, compressed natural gas, and hydrogen emit less carbon because they are cleaner burning than diesel or gasoline.

Biodiesel

is produced from vegetable oils and animal fats. Biodiesel can be used in diesel engines with no need for major modifications.

Ethanol

is an alcohol-base fuel made by frermenting plant material like corn, or sugarcane. . Gasoline can be blended with between 10% and 85% ethanol.

Propane or Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

is a by product of natural gas processing and crude oil refining. It has a high octane rating and energy density, e.g used in aircraft and other fleet vehicles.

wind and sunlight. Wind farm or wind park uses several wind turbines in the same location to produce electricity.

Resorts like Plantation Bay and Villa Escudero help reduce carbon.

What are the other renewable sources of energy

Intelligent transport services.

GPS tracking with AI helps traveler avoid traffic, reducing idle time and minimizing fuel consumption.

High-definition Video Meetings.

Replacing 2.1 million business travels with metings eliminates CO2 emissions assisicated with air and land travel.

RFID-tagged Boarding Passes & Remote Bag-Drop.

Smart-code enabled phones and remote check-in reduce reliance on paper and physical. Increase bagge handling speed by 18% reduce turn times and idle time at airport. Improve tracking reduces return lost bags to their owners.

TUI Digital Assistant app (TUI Group).

Digital app saves 8.2 billion pages of paper, reduces emissions associated with printing, transportation and disposal of physical materials. Shifting to digital tools helps reduce CO2 emissions from retail shops and operations.

Air Pollution Mitigation

When a place succeeds as a tourist destination, it is inevitable that there will be increased vehicular traffic. Vehicles emit air pollutants.

Air Pollution Mitigation

Two ways to mitigate this problem are:

(1) to set as far back facilities away from the road

(2) to plant trees which will serve as a buffer between the tourism facilities and the road

Wastewater-Saving Technologies

Tourism is a water intensive industry, particularly in the context of golf courses and luxury hotels that have bathtubs installed as standard hotel amenities. However, there are a number of technologies that help conserve this precious resource.

Wastewater-Saving Technologies

A low-flush toilet (or low-flow toilet or high-efficiency toilet) uses only 6liter or less per flush compared to 13.2 liters for previous toilets.

Solid Waste Reduction

According to the UNEP and GTZ (2003), accommodation establishments generate these types of solid waste: newspapers and magazines, cleansing agent containers used by housekeeping and laundry services, flowers in guestrooms and public areas, plastic shampoo and cosmetic soap bottles, old towels, linens, bed sheets, furniture, paint, varnishes, used fittings, fixtures and plumbing supplies, refrigerators, and other bulk items.

prevent its production in the first place.

What is the first step in waste minimization?

Prevention

If ______ is not possible, the next step is recycling. Recycling turns used materials into valuable resources and diverts waste from landfills, besides saving energy and water, and reducing air pollution.

Recycling

______ turns used materials into valuable resources and diverts waste from landfills, besides saving energy and water, and reducing air pollution.

Optimized site potential

proper site selection, orientation, and landscaping; and consideration of the reuse or rehabilitation of existing buildings and future expansion.

e.g. Bayleaf Hotel Intramuros as an adaptive reuse and rehabilitation of building design

Optimized energy use

to reduce energy load, increase efficiency and maximize the use of renewable energy sources to significantly reduce dependence on fossil fuel-derived energy.

Protection and conservation of water

to use water efficiently, reduce, reuse, or recycle water for on-site use.

Optimized building space and material use

the integrated and intelligent use of materials to maximize their value, prevent upstream pollution, and conserve resources; use and reuse materials in the most productive and sustainable way over the building's life cycle.

Enhanced indoor environmental quality (IEQ)

impacts occupant's health, comfort, and productivity. Enhanced IEQ involves maximized daylighting, appropriate ventilation and moisture control, optimized acoustic performance, avoiding materials with high-VOC emissions, and occupant control over lighting and temperature systems.

Optimized operational and maintenance practices

specifying materials and systems that simplify and reduce maintenance requirements; require less water, energy, and toxic chemicals and cleaners to maintain; and are cost-effective and reduce life-cycle costs.

Building resiliency

refers to the building’s capacity to function and operate under extreme temperatures, sea level rise, natural disasters, etc.

Building adaptability

is the capacity to be used for multiple purposes and multiple ways over its life cycle. For example, movable walls or partitions allow for different use of space (WBDG Sustainable Committee 2014).

Glare

According to UCSF (2008), another unwanted consequence of tourism development is glare. Sometimes, the situation gets too bad to the point that stars are overcome by the light coming from streets, construction cranes, airport facilities. Excessive light is unhealthy for both humans and animals alike because it affects our body clock and natural processes such as sleeping.

Glare Bombs

Many gas stations and parking lots are lit more than ten times as brightly as they were 20 years ago.

NASA and aircraft manufacturers

_______ and _______ are reducing aircraft noise (which often exceeds 100 dBA, far exceeding WHO guidelines for sound sleep) by redesigning engines to use larger fans that turn at slower speeds. This design, known as a higher bypass ratio engine, reduces noise and fuel consumption by moving a larger volume of air more slowly, decreasing the high-velocity, noisy exhaust turbulence.

Zoning and Site Selection

________ and _______ are critical tools in urban planning used to mitigate noise pollution and protect public health. Zoning laws categorize land for specific uses (residential, commercial, industrial) to ensure that activities in adjacent areas do not conflict. e.g. keeping heavy industrial plants away from residential neighborhoods prevents high-level noise from disturbing sleep and daily life