ap euro vocab unit 1&2

Renaissance

the "rebirth" of classical culture that occurred in Italy from 14-16th centuries; revived earlier classical culture

Northern Renaissance

the more christian and less secular part of the Renaissance, occurred anywhere other than Italy, christian humanism

humanism

an intellectual movement that originated in Renaissance Italy based on the study of the Greek and Roman Classics; revival of antiquity

secularism

the process of becoming more concerned with material, worldly, temporal things and less with spiritual and religious things; a characteristic of the Italian Renaissance

individualism

emphasis on and interest in the unique traits of each person

civic humanism

intellectual movement of Italian Renaissance that said humanists should be involved in government and use their rhetorical training in the service of the state

printing press

created by Johann Gutenberg; led to growth of vernacular literature and helped spread protestant ideas

secular

worldly

vernacular language

native language in a specific area

patronage of the arts

wealthy people (merchant families) commissioned Italian Renaissance art

The Prince

Machiavelli; handbook for monarchs on how to rule properly (not based on morals)

Serfdom

peasants/slaves in manor system (feudalism), tied to land

Petrarch

"father of humanism", influenced by Cicero, wrote in Italian vernacular

Lorenzo Valla

expert of latin language, exposed the donation of Constantine as a fraud, pointed out errors in Latin Vulgate, catholic and secretary under Pope Nicholas V

Marsilio Ficino

Founded the Platonic Academy at the behest of Cosimo de' Medici in the 1460s. Translated Plato's works into Latin, giving modern Europeans access to these works for the fist time.

Pico della Mirandola

Wrote On the Dignity of Man which stated that man was made in the image of God before the fall and as Christ after the Resurrection. He also believed that there is no limits to what man can accomplish.

Leonardo Bruni

civic humanist, serve as chancellor in Florence

Baldassare Castiglione

The Book of the Courtier (handbook for aristocrats), ideal of Renaissance man

Michelangelo

Sistine Chapel, David, Pieta, dome on St. Peters Basilica

Donatello

sculptor; bronze david, first renaissance artist to utilize a nude figure in a sculpture

Raphael

painter; School of Athens, created "madonna and child" paintings

Leon Battista Alberti

came up with the concept of creating a "perfect" individual during the Renaissance which included; Having a high regard for human dignity, A realization of all people, and having an ability to have many achievements

Filippo Brunelleschi

Duomo, "father of linear perspective"

Leonardo da Vinci

embodiment of "Renaissance man" (painter, sculptor, architect, engineer, writer, scientist), Mona Lisa

Jan Van Eyck

Flemish painter who was a founder of the Flemish school of painting and who pioneered modern techniques of oil painting (1390-1441)

Peter Brueghel the Elder

northern ren. artist, focused on lives of ordinary people, not influenced much by Italian ren.

Ferdinand and Isabella

Hapsburg Dynasty, Reconquista and Spanish Inquisition

Star Chamber

Henry VII, tortures nobles for having armies (to limit their power so they wouldn't challenged monarch's authority)

Renaissance merchants

were rich and powerful, and heavily involved in the artistic and cultural achievements of the period (patronage, bourgeoisie)

Renaissance financiers (Bankers)

Important banking family groups such as the Medicis

Nepotism

The practice of appointing family members to positions of favor. The practice was very common in the Catholic Church

protestant reformation

corruption in the catholic church led to strong figures splitting from the church and creating a new religion

pluralism

holding one or more office in the church- church abuse

Martin Luther

German, used to be Augustinian monk, believed salvation can be achieved through faith alone and hated the idea of selling indulgences- Famous saying "Here I stand, I can do no other."

indulgences

people payed money to the Church to absolve their sins or sins of their loved ones (the paper)

Ninety-five theses

posted on church door in Wittenberg, Luther criticized the selling of indulgences and questioned authority of the pope

Diet of Worms

Assembly of the German Princes where Charles V demanded Luther recant his writings. Luther stated

"Here I stand I can do no other."

ecclesiastical abuses

flaws within the church: simony, pluralism, absenteeism, indulgences, nepotism, clerical ignorance

twelve articles

peasants demanded end of

serfdom and tithes, and other practices of feudalism that oppressed the peasantry, inspired by Luther and given to HRE emperor

Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants

Written by Martin Luther between 1524 and 1526, denouncing the German Peasants' Revolt, which he had previously supported

Hapsburg Dynasty

situated in Austria and Spain ; wanted to gain control of Germany following the Thirty Years' War and bring it back to Catholicism, powerful, wealthy, and married to their advantage

Holy Roman Empire

consisted of 300 semi-autonomous German states, Kind of ruled by the holy Roman emperor

Charles V

Inherited a lot of land in Europe (Spain, Austria, and Netherlands), very powerful, summoned Diet of Worms, wanted to re-Catholicize Germany. Spent much of his life fighting Protestants and the Ottoman Turks.

Appeal to the Nobility of the German Nation

Luther discussed devout laypeople and churchmen call on the German princes to reform the church

Peace of Augsburg

temporarily ended the struggle of in Germany over Lutheranism, princes in Germany could choose either Lutheran or Catholicism

John Calvin

In Geneva, a French religious reformer who believed in predestination and a strict sense of morality for society.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Calvin's foundation work for Calvinism, predestination, "the elect"

Predestination

God knows if you will go to heaven or hell before you are born, main principle of Calvinism

Anabaptists

simple life, disagreed with early baptism, separation from state

Henry VIII

English king who created the Church of England after the Pope refused to annul his marriage (divorce with Church approval)

Act of Supremacy

Declared the king (Henry VIII) the supreme head of the Church of England in 1534.

Church of England

Anglican church, formed when Henry broke away from Catholic church

Book of Common Prayer

the official prayer and liturgical (worship manual) book of Anglicanism. Charles I and Laud tried to impose it upon all Protestant churches in England- many people resisted. The Scots hated it. Puritans did not like the Catholic like rituals

Puritans

members of a group of English Protestants in the late 16th and 17th centuries who regarded the Church of England under Elizabeth as incomplete; Calvinists- purify the Anglican church of Catholic practices

Elizabeth I

English Queen and politique who united Protestants and Catholics through compromise. Fought off Catholic Spain under Phillip II

Catholic Reformation

counter reformation, response to gain of Protestantism and critics within the church that abuses needed to be reformed

Council of Trent

established Catholic dogma for the next four years that said

1. equal validity of scripture, church traditions, writings of church fathers

2. salvation by both good works and faith

3. all 7 sacraments are valid, transubstantiation reaffirmed

4. monasticism, celibacy of clergy, purgatory reaffirmed

5. approved index of forbidden books

St. Teresa of Avila

Important Spanish nun who had mystical visions. She was a Catholic reformer / writer who encouraged a contemplative life through mental prayer- Part of Catholic Reformation

Ignatius Loyola

founder of Jesuits (focused on education), wrote Spiritual Exercises

Spiritual Exercises

written by Ignatius Loyola, guidebook that was ued to train Jesuits

Jesuits

society of Jesus

goals:

1. reform the church through education

2. spread the gospel to pagan peoples

3. fight Protestantism

Index of Prohibited Books

A list of books banned from Catholic countries that supported Protestantism (Luther or Calvin) or that were overly critical of the Church (e.g. Erasmus).

Catherine de Medici

dominated three french kings, worked hard to maintain Catholic control in France, ordered massacre of Calvinists (St. Bartholomew Day Massacre)

Huguenots

french Calvinists that were suppressed in France, strong among nobility

St. Bartholomew Day Massacre

-marriage of Margaret of Valois to Bourbon Huguenot Henry of Navarre intended to reconcile Catholics and Huguenots

-Henry of Guise ordered leader of Huguenot party murdered

-Catherine de Medici ordered massacre of Calvinists

-initiated War of Three Henrys

War of Three Henrys

civil war between Valois, Guise, and Bourbons

politique

those in a position of power who put the success and well-being of their state above all else like religion

Henry IV of France (Navarre)

became first Bourbon king, rise to power ended the French civil war and placed France on a gradual course towards absolutism, converted to Catholicism, politique, the Edict of Nantes

Edict of Nantes

Henry IV granted a degree of religious toleration to the Huguenots and ushered in an era of religious pluralism

Phillip II

a Hapsburg ruler like his father Charles V, sought to reimpose Catholicism in Europe; under his rule, Spain became dominant country in Europe, committed to Catholic crusade

Council of Blood

Dutch name for the Duke of Alba's military execution of over one thousand Dutch Protestants, aka council of troubles

Prince William "the silent" of Orange

was the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish that set off the Eighty Years' War and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648, led 17 provinces in the Netherlands and Flanders against the Spanish Inquisition

United Provinces of the Netherlands

formed in 1581 (the Dutch Republic) the northern territories

Spanish Armada

navy, Spain's attempt to invade England, ends in disaster, signaled rise of England as a world naval power (downfall of Spanish economically)

Thirty Years War

most important war of the 17th century, failure of Peace of Augsburg, four phases (France won)

Defenestration of Prague

triggered war in Bohemia, HRE placed severe restrictions on Protestantism, two HRE members thrown out a window and fell 70 feet into manure, emperor then sought to annihilate the Calvinist nobility in Bohemia

Gustavus Adolphus

king of Sweden, led an army that pushed Catholic forces back to Bohemia

-battle of Breitenfeld

Cardinal Richelieu

french, allied with Protestant forces to defeat the HRE

his policies reflected Catholic Frances' paramount diplomatic concerns as political and not religious (so he's a politique)

Peace of Westphalia

renewed Peace of Augsburg but added Calvinism, ended Catholic Reformation in Germany, guaranteed that Germany would remain divided politically and religiously for centuries

-dissolution of Holy Roman Empire was now confirmed

Prince Henry "the navigator"

financed numerous expeditions along the West African coastline in hopes of finding gold

caravel

were small ships used in ocean travel. They were ideal for the users as they were easy to navigate, and the Portuguese, some of the best navigators in the world, rose to the top of the exploration world due in part to caravels

astrolabe

mariner's

used to determine latitude by measuring the altitude of celestial bodies