4. Special Senses: The ear
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41 Terms
What are the two main functions of the ear?
Hearing and equilibrium
Where are the sensory receptors of the ear located?
In the inner ear
How is sound defined physiologically?
Energy carried by sound waves
What is sound according to the brain?
The interpretation of frequency amplitude and duration of sound waves
What property of sound determines pitch?
Frequency
In what units is sound frequency measured?
Hertz
What property of sound determines loudness?
Amplitude
In what units is sound intensity measured?
Decibels
What sound levels can damage hearing?
Sounds above 80 decibels
How does the brain localise sound?
By timing differences between ears
Does sound have receptive fields in the cortex?
No
What structures make up the external ear?
Pinna and ear canal
What structure separates the external and middle ear?
Tympanic membrane
What bones are found in the middle ear?
Malleus incus and stapes
What is the function of the middle ear bones?
To amplify sound vibrations
What structure connects the middle ear to the pharynx?
Eustachian tube
What structure does the stapes connect to?
The oval window
What is the cochlea?
The hearing receptor of the inner ear
What type of receptors detect sound?
Hair cells
What cranial nerve carries hearing information?
Cranial nerve VIII
What are the three fluid-filled chambers of the cochlea?
Vestibular duct cochlear duct and tympanic duct
What fluid fills the vestibular and tympanic ducts?
Perilymph
What fluid fills the cochlear duct?
Endolymph
Where is the organ of Corti located?
On the basilar membrane
What is the function of hair cell stereocilia?
To transduce mechanical movement into electrical signals
What happens when stereocilia bend toward the tallest cilium?
Ion channels open and depolarisation occurs
How is pitch coded in the cochlea?
By location of maximal basilar membrane displacement
Which sounds are detected near the base of the cochlea?
High frequency sounds
Which sounds are detected at the apex of the cochlea?
Low frequency sounds
What is conductive hearing loss?
Hearing loss due to impaired sound conduction
What is sensorineural hearing loss?
Hearing loss due to inner ear or nerve damage
What is central hearing loss?
Damage to auditory pathways or cortex
What structure is responsible for equilibrium?
The vestibular apparatus
What movements do semicircular canals detect?
Rotational acceleration
What structure contains cristae?
The ampulla
What structure senses rotational movement?
Crista
What movements do otolith organs detect?
Linear acceleration and head position
What are the otolith organs?
Utricle and saccule
What sensory receptors are found in otolith organs?
Maculae
What crystals are found in otolith organs?
Otoliths
What is the primary brain area for equilibrium processing?
The cerebellum