ALL writing Final

What is the name of the specific Turkish dynasty that took control of the Abbasid territory in the eleventh century?

Seljuks

What term labels the idea that all people in Germanic society have a monetary value for determining fines for injury or killing?

Wergild

What is the name for the Norse raiders who plundered monasteries at the end of the Carolingian period?

Vikings

What is the name of the Frankish queen whose patronage of monasteries is highlighted?

Radegund

What name do historians give to the administrative structures, headed by the Bishop of Rome, that governed the Catholic Church?

Papacy

What is the name (from the French for “overseas”) for the Crusader States?

Outremer

What is the name of the unfree laborers in the feudal system? 

Serfs

What Germanic ruler is mentioned at the beginning of the chapter? 

Charlemagne

What name is given to enslaved Turkish soldiers, converted to Islam, and meant to serve the Abbasid caliph?

Mamluks

the religions of Judaism, Christianity, and Islam, which all trace their origins through a common ancestor, the prophet Abraham

Abrahamic faiths

an Islamic title designating a spiritual and secular leader

caliph

an area under the control of a Muslim ruler called a caliph

caliphate

the words and actions of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his immediate successors that, along with the Quran, form the fundamental basis for Islamic law

hadith

the Islamic pilgrimage to Mecca

hajj

an Arabic term meaning “emigration” that describes a defining moment for early Muslims as they fled Mecca for Medina in 622 CE

hijra

the religious leader of Shia Muslims

imam

the religious and cultural conversion of those living under Islamic rule

Islamization

non-Arab converts to Islam in the early Islamic period who had to be adopted by an Arab tribe as part of the conversion process

mawali

the holy scripture of Islam, which Muslims believe was given to humanity by God through Muhammad

Quran

a term meaning “rightly guided” that describes the first four caliphs after Muhammad’s death: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali

Rashidun

one of the two umbrella sects of Islam, whose members believe leadership of the Muslim community should reside in the family of Muhammad only through his son-in-law Ali

Shia

the larger of the two umbrella sects of Islam, whose adherents did not require leadership of the community to come specifically from the descendants of Muhammad through Ali

Sunni

a class of religious clerics and scholars who act as the primary interpreters of Islamic law

ulama

the community of Muslims

ummah

What is the title given to the men who succeeded Muhammad as leaders of the Islamic community?

Caliph

To what religion did the ruling dynasty of the kingdom of Himyar convert in the period before Islam?

Judaism

By what term do scholars often refer to the three monotheistic faiths that worship the same god (the God of Abraham)?

Abrahamic faiths

What Arabic term, meaning “the rightly guided,” is applied to the early caliphs after Muhammad’s death?

Rashidun

What city is at the heart of the founding of Islam?

Mecca

What is the name of the Christian Arab tribe that supported the Byzantine Empire and amongst whom is some of the earliest written forms of Arabic?

Ghassanids

What religion did the people of the Byzantine Empire practice?

Christianity

What is the name of the dynasty that replaced the Umayyads as rulers of the caliphate?

Abbasids

What term is used to denote a non-ethnically Arab person who has converted to Islam, often having been adopted by an Arab tribe?

Mawali

What is the name for the schools, often supported by the state, that helped to facilitate learning in the Abbasid Caliphate?

Madrasas

What term, meaning “migration,” refers to Muhammad’s move to Medina or the flight of Muslims to Aksum?

Hijra

What is the name for a spiritual leader of the Islamic community, and, in the Shi’ite tradition, was a member of Muhammad’s family that transmitted divine knowledge and charisma through the generations?

Imam

What biblical figure, mentioned at the start of the chapter, is a central figure for all three monotheistic religions?

Abraham

What is the name given to the “rule of four men” that was established by Diocletian as a means to resolve conflict over succession?

Tetrarchy

What name does the book give to the period of time between about 150 CE and 700 CE?

Late Antiquity

What is the name of the city whose influence grew as it connected both east–west trade to the Roman Empire as well as trade to the Persian Gulf? 

Palmyra

 What is the name of the empire that connected China to India in the period of Late Antiquity?

Kushan Empire

 What term is defined by the book as a state of self-renunciation and a life of strict physical discipline?

Asceticism

The Christian population of Athens asked the emperor to close what, signaling the triumph of Christianity in the Late Roman Empire?

philosophical schools

What is the name of the shrine that was popular in the pre-Islamic world of the Arabian Peninsula?

Kaaba

What is the name for the type of council in Christianity in which bishops from the Christian world meet to resolve issues in Christian doctrine or practice?

Ecumenical council

What is the name of the form of artwork, Christian or not, that flourished in Late Antiquity?

Mosaic

What is the name of the dynasty that came to control the old Persian Empire and was a rival to the Late Roman Empire?

Sasanian Dynasty

What term is used by the textbook to refer to the diffusion of Jewish people away from the traditional homeland of Palestine?

Jewish Diaspora