ANAT LEC Ch. 4 (w/Quiz 1 Questions)

SKIN, HAIR, GLANDS, & NAILS

Integument system is composed of

• Protective barrier

• Sensory provides info from outside world

• Helps w/Osmotic & thermoregulation

• Produces VITAMIN D3

• Aids in immune response (guards from bacteria/fungi)

Integument system serves as

Entire body surface, including ANTERIOR SURFACE OF EYES and TYMPANIC Membrane

Integument system covers

• Nostrils

• Lips

• Anus

• Urethral

• Vaginal

  openings

Integument system intersects w/MUCOUS MEMBRANES at

Different body functions

Integument system has MULTIPLE tissue types because of

• Papillary - Nourishes and supports Epidermis

• Reticular - Restricts pathogens going in Epidermis, Lipid storage, Attaches to deeper skin, SENOSRY RECEPTORS detect, Blood vessels assist in THERMOREGULATION

The DERMIS layer is split into two sections the ____ and ____

Keratin

Nails and Hair both made of

Squamous Epithelium

Epidermis consists of

4 Cell types in the Epithelium

• Keratinocytes

• Melanocytes (produces melanin)

• Merkel Cells

• Langerhans Cells (Helps keep cells healthy)

THIN skin

Majority of body is covered by

THIN Skin Characteristics

• Putter stratum corneum is only few cells thick

• Only 4 layers (LACKS Stratum Lucidum)

• 0.08mm thick

Palms of Hand & Pads of Feet

Thick skin covers the

THICK Skin Characteristics

• Contains 5 layers of “skin“

• Stratum corneum may have 30+ layers of cells

• Can be 6x thicker than THIN skin

Stratum GRANULOSUM & SPINOSUM

The only LIVING layers of the Epidermis are

Stratum BASALE Characteristics

• Deepest layer of Epidermis

• Single layer of cells

• Large/BASAL cells dominate (undergo mitosis)

• Contain MELANOCYTES

• Have MERKEL cells

  • Found where SENSORY PERCEPTION is req (fingertips, lips, etc)

• DMG ABOVE this layer is eay fix

• DMG BELOW is hard fix

Stratum SPINOSUM Characteristics

• Several cells thick

• At deepest layer, its MITOTICALLY active

• Keratinocytes have fibers (TONOFIBRILS)

  • Strengthen cell junctions

• Melanocytes & Langerhans common

• Langerhans protect against pathogens

Stratum GRANULOSUM Characteristics

• Proteins

• Superficial layer (cells have NUCLEUS)

• Cells mass-producing KERATOHYALIN & KERATIN

• Lipid producing organelles (coating)

Stratum CORNEUM Characteristics

• MOST superficial layer of epidermis

• Flattened dead cells w/thickened Plasma MEMBRANES (Lack NUCLEUS)

• KERATINIZED layer

• takes 15-30 days for cell to reach here (started from basale)

Capillary BLOOD FLOW (temporary flushing) & PIGMENTS (permanent)

Skin color results from

Carotene

• Found in adipose tissue & keratinocytes

• not produced by cells but from food consumed

Provides ORANGISH pigment

Melanin

• From Melanocytes

Provides RED-BROWN pigment

Direction of COLLAGEN fibers

• Scars form when they go AGAINST lines

Lines of Cleavage result from

Accessory Structures

• Hair Follicles

• Sebaceous Glands

• Sweat Glands

• Nails

INTERNAL Root Sheath

Produces hair at the PERIPHERY of the hair matric

EXTERNAL Root Sheath

Includes all cell layers of Superficial Epidermis

GLASSY Membrane

A thickened, specialized basal lamina

HOLOCRINE Secretion

Oil is released through

APOCRINE & ECCRINE Sweat Glands

2 Types of Sweat Gland

MYOEPITHELIAL cells

• Contract/Squeeze gland to secrete

Both APOCRINE & ECCRINE Sweat glands contain

APOCRINE Sweat Glands Characteristics

• Produce odorous secretion

• Start during PUBERTY

• May have pheromones

• Released around Axillae (armpits), Areolae, Groin

ECCRINE Sweat Glands Characteristics

• More common

• Clear solution (sweat)

• Aid in THERMOREGULATION, EXCRETION, PROTECTION

Surface Anatomy

The Study of morphology, or the general body forms is called what?

Cell Theory

• All cells come from pre-existing cells

• Cells are the smallest unit of function

• All living things are made of cells

Skeletal System

System of the body responsible for production of Red Blood Cells

Connective Tissue

Adipose tissue (fat) is a type of

Cell Adhesion Molecules

Large areas of OPPOSING membrane are interconnected by proteins called ____

Endocrine System

Body system that controls REPRODUCTION & DEVELOPMENTAL growth

Apocrine Secretion

Found in mammary tissue, where the cell releases its contents through the REMOVAL of the SURFACE layers only

The NUMBER of nuclei and type of nervous control

Both Cardiac and Skeletal muscle tissue appear striated but differ in

Ans. Holocrine Secretion

Q. Type of secretion (like sebaceous glands) where ENTIRE cell RUPTURES

Hyaline Cartilage

Most common cartilage found in the Human Body