TAPPS

somatic (voluntary)

somatic nerve function

somatic action

One continuous nerve from CNS to target

visceral (involuntary)

autonomic nerve function

autonomic action

two nerves link by a synapse that occur between the CNS and target 

afferent

sensory signals

efferent

motor

synapse

electrochemical communication between nerve call and with tissues

ganglion

often the location synapse occurs

sympathetic and parasympathetic

types of autonomic signals

sympathetic nerves response

flight or flight response (expend more energy)

before reaching their target in sympathetic trunk/ pre vertebral ganglia

Where do sympathetic signals synapse

parasympathetic nerve response

rest and digest- energy conserving

in or near walls of target

Where do parasympathetics synapse

dorsal root function

receive afferent (sensory) signals

ventral root function

transmit efferent (motor) signals

sympathetic trunk

forms as a result of sympathetic axons moving up and down between ganglia

gray ramus communicans

unmyelinated

white ramus communicans

myelinated

t1-l2

roots for sympathetics

cranial nerve (vagus nerve (CN x) or pelvic splanchnic nerves (s2-s4)

parasympathetic origin

white ramus communicans

preganglionic nerves travel

grey ramus communicans

postganglionic nerves travel

parasympathetic effects

signals secretion of fluids, contraction of smooth muscle, slows heart rate, dilates arteries, constricts bronchioles, and contracts pupils

sympathetic effects

stops the secretion of fluids, muscle contraction, increases heart rate, contracts arteries, dilates bronchioles, dilates pupils

autonomic sensation

sensation from internal organ that follow the same pathway as somatic sensation. visceral pain- general feeling of ill ease/ somatic pain- highly acute and localized 

referred pain

when visceral pain is confused for somatic pain- will feel pain in body wall even if it did not originate there

clavicle, second rib, sternal angle, twelve rib

thorax landmarks

true ribs

T1-T7

false ribs

t8-t10

floating ribs

t11-t12

costal cartilage

the connection between sternum and ribs (floating ribs lack)

jugular notch, manubrium, sternal body, xiphoid process

sternum

2 pleura and mediastinum

divisions of the thorax

coelomic sacs

2 pleura, pericardium, peritoneum, and 2 extra for males

visceral pleura

layer touching the lungs

parietal pleura

layer touching the outside of lung cavity

mediastinum

heart, esophagus, transit ( excludes the lungs)

intercostal space

areas between the ribs

function of the breast

nourish the young 

lactiferous duct

modified sweat gland which draws nutrients of milk from water in the mothers blood and other nutrients

pectoralis major

muscle behind the breast

retromammary space

reduced friction between mammary great tissue and fascia underlying pectoralis major. (where breast implant sits)

retromammary space, lactiferous duct, lobule, areola, nipple, suspensory ligament 

structures of the breast

suspensory ligament 

keeps the shape of the bread by connecting the breast tissue to skin 

abduct and lateral and medial pectoral nerve

pectoralis major action and innervation

protract scapula, long thoracic nerve

serratus anterior action and innervation

1st rib to coracoid process

pectoralis minor attachment

external intercostal

hands in pocket fiber direction

internal intercostal

perpendicular muscle fibers to external

innermost intercostals

same muscle fiber direction as internal

endothoracic fascia

bag that contains pleura, mediastinum, thoracic organs that contacts the parietal pleura

stabilizing muscles

function of intercostal muscles

elevate ribs during inhalation

external intercostals

depress ribs during exhalation

internal and innermost intercostals

costal groove 

protects intercostal vessels 

internal thoracic A/V

anterior intercostal A/V branch off

descending aorta/ azygos v(right) hemiazygos (left)

posterior intercostal A/V branch off

V.A.N

intercostal vessels acronym

superior

thorax relation to diaphragm

separate thoracic and abdominal cavities so there can be different pressure in the two cavities

function of diaphragm

molded by abdominal organs (right dome higher- liver/ left dome- stomach)

shape of diaphragm

central tendon 

what is the middle part of the diaphragm that is pulled on to change the pressure when inhaling/ exhaling

costodiaphragmatic recess 

what is the area called that plunges down on the sides- parietal pleura is present but lungs have stoped ( clinically important for fluid draws)

inspiration

diaphragm descends, pushes abdominal organs down and allows lungs to expand which increases volume of the thorax and expand the pleural cavity to increase negative pressure and draw air in the lungs

expiration

diaphragm expands, squeezing thoracic organs up and lets abdominal organs stretch, creates positive pressure (throat area decreases and alveolar (pressure inside lungs air sacs) increases

phrenic nerve roots

C3, C4,C5

aortic hiatus, esophageal hiatus, and caval opening

openings in diaphragm

esophageal hiatus 

what opening in the diaphragm allows vagus nerve to pass through 

somatic

what kind of nerve is the phrenic nerve

serous fluid

what is in the potential space between the layers of pleura

cervical part, costal part, mediastinal part, diaphragmatic part

parts of the parietal pleura

collapsed lung

when positive pressure in introduced to the plural cavity

arteries

flow away from heart

veins

flow toward heart

superior, middle (right), and inferior

lobes of the lungs

oblique fissue

what divider of lobes is present on both th right and left lung

horizontal fissure

what divides the superior and middle lobe on right lung

hilum

structure that allows vessels to enter (visceral and parietal pleura curve around)

cardiac impression

the place where heart makes an divet on lungs

descending aorta impression

place where descending aorta makes divot on lungs

lingula

tongue/ homologue of middle lobe of left lung

diaphragmatic surface

where lung contacts the diaphragm

cardiac notch

on anterior border of left lung- accommodates apex of heart

carina

place where trachea splits into main bronchi

right and left main bronchus→lobar bronchus→territory/segmental bronchus→bronchioles→respiratory bronchioles

how does the trachea split

follows branching of the bronchioles

how do the pulmonary arteries travel to lungs

take direct route back to hilum of lung

how do pulmonary veins travel back to heart from lungs

alveolus

site of gas exchange

pump handle

superior and inferior movement of sternum to increase volume during respiration

bucket handle movement 

elevation of lateral shaft of rib to increase volume eduring respiration

pulls ribs out

function of scalenes, pectoralis minor and serratus anterior during forced respiration

flattens ribcage

function of rectus abdominis during forced respiration

holds ribs together so they move as a unit

function of intercostal during respiration

mediastinum

space in the middle of the thorax contain the heart/ sits between lungs

superior mediastinum

contains great vessels (arch of the aorta, brachiocephalic trunk, subclavian arteries, vagus n, phrenic n, brachiocephalic veins, superior vena cava

posterior, anterior, and middle

parts of the inferior mediastinum

posterior mediastinum

part of the inferior mediastinum including the pathway for structures that leave the head/thorax and go down into the abdomen (thoracic descending aorta, esophagus, vagus nerve.)

anterior mediastinum

thymus (tissue involved in immune response)

middle mediastinum

heart and pericardium

fibrous pericardium

outermost fibrous connective tissue that is not apart of teh coelomic bilayer