Science Inc 8/9

Organelles are specialized structures within cells that carry out specific functions necessary for the cell's life processes. The main function of the __________ is to store DNA and control cell activities.

Nucleus

The mitochondria are known as the __________ of the cell because they generate ATP through cellular respiration.

powerhouse

The __________ is involved in protein synthesis and folding and is studded with ribosomes.

Rough ER

The function of the __________ is to break down waste materials and damaged cell parts.

Lysosomes

In plant cells, __________ conducts photosynthesis to produce glucose and oxygen from sunlight.

Chloroplasts

The __________ provides structural support and facilitates movement of materials within the cell.

Cytoskeleton

The __________ regulates the passage of substances into and out of the cell; it consists of a phospholipid bilayer with embedded proteins.

Cell Membrane

Mitosis produces __________ identical daughter cells, essential for growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

two

During __________, chromosomes condense into visible structures and the nuclear membrane begins to break down.

Prophase

In __________, sister chromatids are pulled apart toward opposite poles of the cell.

Anaphase

The process of fertilization occurs when a sperm cell meets and joins with an egg cell to form a __________.

zygote

The process where homologous chromosomes pair up and crossing over occurs is called __________ in meiosis.

Prophase I

The __________ of DNA consists of a sugar (deoxyribose), a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base.

nucleotides

In DNA replication, the enzyme __________ unwinds the double helix.

helicase

In geometrical optics, __________ occurs when light bounces off a surface like a mirror.

Reflection

The formula for the angle of incidence and angle of reflection states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of __________.

reflection

The __________ index of a material tells us how much light slows down when it enters that material.

refractive

A __________ lens is thicker in the middle and bends light toward a point.

convex

__________ occurs when light separates into different colors, as demonstrated when light passes through a prism.

Dispersion

Electricity is a form of energy caused by the movement of __________ through a material.

electrons

The flow of electric charge (usually electrons) through a conductor is known as __________.

Electric Current

The electric potential difference between two points is referred to as __________.

Voltage

Ohm's Law relates the voltage, current, and __________ in an electrical circuit.

resistance

In a series circuit, total resistance is the sum of the __________ resistances.

individual

The power (P) used by an electrical device is calculated using the formula P = V × __________.

I

Materials that allow electric charge to flow easily are called __________.

conductors

A device used to measure the voltage across two points is called a __________.

Voltmeter

In sexual reproduction, each parent contributes __________ chromosomes to the zygote in humans.

23

Asexual reproduction produces offspring that are genetically __________ to the parent.

identical

The process where a new organism grows from a small outgrowth (bud) on the parent’s body is called __________.

budding

For something to be considered alive, it must meet certain characteristics or __________.

requirements

Living organisms must be able to __________ to pass on their genes and continue their species.

reproduce

The __________ model shows how the electrons of an atom are arranged around the nucleus.

Bohr

The mass of an object is typically measured in __________ or kilograms.

grams

The __________ table organizes all known elements based on their atomic number.

Periodic

Matter is made up of tiny particles that are always in __________.

motion

In a gas, particles move __________ and are far apart from each other.

freely

Quarks are the building blocks that make up __________ and neutrons.

protons

Leptons are elementary particles that do not interact via the __________ force.

strong

The __________ is made up of two up quarks (u) and one down quark (d).

proton

To calculate density, use the formula __________ = Mass/Volume.

Density

The particles in a liquid can move __________ past each other.

freely

Protons have a __________ charge, while neutrons have no charge.

positive

All matter is made up of tiny particles called __________ or molecules.

atoms

The temperature of a substance is related to the average __________ of the particles.

speed

__________ is the amount of space an object takes up, measured in cm³ or liters.

Volume

The __________ of a substance indicates how much mass is contained in a certain volume.

density

Since only one parent is involved, asexual reproduction is quicker and requires __________ energy.

less

During __________, the zygote then divides and grows into an embryo after fertilization.

development

A process where a single parent produces offspring that are clones is __________ reproduction.

asexual

The __________ of an atom is made up of protons and neutrons and is located at the center.

nucleus

In a liquid, particles have a definite volume but no definite __________.

shape

Humans are an example of organisms that reproduce __________.

sexually

The first shell of the Bohr model can hold __________ electrons.

2

The point in a parallel circuit where components are connected across common points creates __________ paths for the current.

multiple

The __________ of a plant can reproduce asexually through structures like runners or tubers.

vegetative propagation

In meiosis, chromosome pairs align at the __________ plate during Metaphase I.

metaphase

Gametes are reproductive cells that carry half the __________ material of an individual.

genetic

Genetic variation in sexual reproduction is important for __________ and adaptation.

evolution

When DNA is replicated, it results in two identical DNA molecules, each with one __________ strand and one new strand.

old

The driving force that pushes electric charge to move is called __________.

voltage

Light travels at a speed of about __________ kilometers per second in a vacuum.

300,000

In a __________ mirror, the image formed is always virtual, upright, and smaller.

convex

The __________ principle states that the angle of incidence equals the angle of reflection.

law of reflection

In a series circuit, current remains the __________ through all components.

same

To find total resistance in a parallel circuit, use the formula __________ = 1/R1 + 1/R2 + 1/R3.

1/Rtotal

The __________ of light is affected by the wavelength of the light waves.

color

Crossing over increases genetic __________ during Prophase I of meiosis.

diversity

The __________ is responsible for modifying, sorting, and packaging proteins.

Golgi Apparatus

Mitosis includes the phases: Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, and _________.

Telophase

In a __________ mirror, it can form real or virtual images depending on the distance from the object.

concave

The __________ of light occurs when it passes from one material to another, causing it to bend.

refraction

The kinetic molecular theory states that all matter is made up of tiny __________ that are always in motion.

particles