quiz 1- adults and older adults (mobility and wheelchairs)

activities of daily living

activites oriented toward taking care of one’s own body and completed on a routine basis (ex. bathing, dressing, functional mobility)

barthel index

performance-based, observation & report, ADL functional status change, used in hospitals and in rehabilitation centers; separates bladder control & bowel control & stairs for functional mobility

Katz index of ADL

interview and observation, level & type of assistance, useful screening, usually used with older adults and the chronically ill; only focuses on basic ADLs

older adult

a term that is used to describe individuals that are typically 65 +

well elder

a term used to describe an older adult that is aging successfully and remains relatively healthy, active and independent

frail elder

an older adult who demonstrated vulnerability due to physiological issues, and multiple health challenges; often characterized by weakness, fatigue, reduced endurance, weight loss and increased risk for adverse health outcomes

geriatric

the medical term referring to the medical speciality focused on the assessment, treatment and management of conditions associated with aging

aging in place & the role of OT

refers to an individuals ability to live, safely, independently and comfortably in their own home and community regardless of age, income or level of ability. OT role: assessing occupational performance, home and environmental modifications, adaptive equipment training, fall prevention, health promotion and wellness, caregiver education and cognitive support.

stochastic biological theories of aging

aging as events occur randomly and accumulate over time

nonstochastic biological theories of aging

certain predetermined, timed phenomena

psycholgical aging theories

explain multiple changes in behavior; cognitive, personality, and social development

sociological aging theories

consider the aging context including activity demands and environments

primary aging (biological)

innate maturational processes; no control over biological aging; inevitable

secondary aging (lifestyle/environmental)

effects of environment and disease, lifestyle factors that accelerate pathology

tissue age related changes in aging

decreased amount of elastic tissue & increase in fibrous tissue

cardiopulmonary functional changes in aging

decline in chest muscle strength and mass, iscreased resistance to air flow, maximum oxygen consumption declines with age, flat diaphram and decreased abdominal strength,

muscle changes in aging

decreased cross sectional area, decreaed number of muscle fibers, decreased size of individual muscle fibers

bone changes in aging

decrease in bone mineral density & thickness, peripheral loss occurs later, between 60 & 80 years old, decrease in height 2 cm per decade

visual changes in aging

pupil size diminishes, reduced transparency and thickening of lens, decreased acuity, accommodations, light sensitivitym color discrimination & narrowing of visual field

hearing changes in aging

loss is often gradual and unnoticed, presbycusis (cellular aging), sensory, neural, mechanical and metabolic changes

taste and smell changes in aging

decreased ability to discrimnate and perceive taste sensations, decrease in saliva production; 2/3 of taste depends on smell, decline in ability to smell

vestibular system changes in aging

loss in sensory receptor organs, drecrease semicircular canal hairs, reduction of hair cells in saccule & utricle, decreased kinesthesia & proprioception & presbyastasis

stress urinary incontinence

movements increase pressure in the urinary system

urge urinary incontinence

need or urge from bladder contractions

functional urinary incontinence

cognitive or mobility deficits (ex. UTI)

mixed urinary incontinence

combinations of types of urinary incontinence

cogntive changes in aging

decreased number of fibers & cells, 13-20% decrease in blood flow, 10% decrease in weight, 20-50% loss of neurons in cerebellum, cortex & hippocampus

functional mobility

moving from one position or place to another during ADLs such as as in bed mobility, wheelchair mobility, and transfers; includes functional ambulation and transportation of objects

driving and community mobility

planning and moving around in the community using public or private transportation such as driving, walking, bicycling or accessing and riding in buses, taxi cabs, ride shares or other transportation systems

recline wheelchair

used for HTN, cardiac issues, has a higher sliding risk, stretches hip flexors providing relaxation which is good for medical needs; useful for ROM, pressure relief and catheter management

tilt in space wheelchair

best for trunk/head control & those who need postural support, increases the improvement of lung capacity, very low sliding risk

folding wheelchair

easier for transport and storage across environments, universal sizing, heavier due to extra hardware, lower efficiency because it uses more body functions

rigid frame wheelchair

more durable and energy efficient, lighter with improved performance, fixed base, tailored to the patient’s body

lightweight wheelchair

designed with transportation in mind for the caregiver, much easier for independence and customizable, energy efficient

standard wheelchair

one size fits all, heavier and less efficient, better suited for short trips, more physical effort