exam 2

Instinct

A complex behavior rigidly patterned throughout a species and is unlearned.

Drive

An aroused/tense state related to a physical need (exp:thirst, hunger, warmth).

Incentive

External stimuli that can "pull" us in our actions.

Drive-Reduction Theory

Humans are motivated to reduce these drives due to the need for homeostasis.

Arousal Theory

Aims not to eliminate arousal but to seek optimum levels of arousal.

Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs

Physiological, safety, love/belonging, esteem, self-actualization, self-transcendence. Main idea is that basic needs must be met before you can move on to more advanced needs.

Effect of Hunger

When we are hungry, thoughts about food dominate our consciousness.

Receptors

Throughout the body, monitor levels of glucose and send signals to...

Hypothalamus

Sends out appetite-stimulating or appetite-suppressing hormones.

Set Point

The point at which one's body tries to maintain weight.

Basal metabolic rate/Metabolism

The body's resting rate of energy expenditure.

Psychology of Foods

We tend to avoid unfamiliar foods, some taste preferences are universal or learned in cultures.

Obesity

Excessive fatness, contains many physical health risks, can lead to depression and bullying.

Effect of Sleep on Weight

Sleep deprivation makes you more likely to gain weight.

Effect of Being Ostracized or Outcasted

Can lead to physical pain.

Evolutionary Perspective of the Need to Belong

Seeking bonds with others is linked to survival.

Correlation between Social Media and Rates of Depression, Anxiety, and Self-Harm

Rates of all symptoms have increased during this time.

Achievement Motivation

A desire for significant accomplishment, mastering skills, and attaining a high standard.

Predictors of School Performance, Attendance, and Graduation Honors

Self-discipline + GRIT.

Intrinsic Motivation

The desire to perform a behavior effectively for its own sake.

Extrinsic Motivation

The desire to perform a behavior to receive rewards or avoid punishment.

Effect of Excessive Rewards

Decreased intrinsic motivation.

Results of Students with More Intrinsic Motivation

Perform better in school, take more challenging classes, and earn more advanced degrees (extrinsic rewards).

"Flow"

Feeling purposefully engaged, deeply immersed, and challenged.

Industrial-Organizational Psychology

The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimizing human behavior in workplaces (exp:training programs).

Personnel Psychology

Selecting, hiring, and placing employees based on matching strengths to tasks.

Benefit of Personnel Psychologist Assessing Employee Performance

They're an objective third party.

The Interviewer Illusion

When interviewers overestimate their ability to "read" people.

Predicting Future Job Performance

Aptitude tests, job knowledge tests, work samples, past job performance, structured interviews.

Performance Feedback

Can affirm workers' strengths and motivate needed improvements.

Organizational Psychology

Focuses on improving worker motivation, satisfaction, engagement, and productivity.

Employee Engagement

An individual's involvement, satisfaction, and enthusiasm for work.

Effective Leaders

Work to define goals, implement plans, and provide feedback on progress.

SMART Goals

Specific, Measurable, Attainable, Realistic, Timely.

Human Factors Psychologists

Help design appliances, machines, and work settings that harness natural perception sets.

Sexual Orientation

Genetic and prenatal findings provide support for sexual orientation being influenced by biology.

Sexual Orientation Changes

Sexual orientation and identity have always varied.

Older Brother Effect

Men with older biological brothers are somewhat more likely to be gay.

Percent of People Exclusively Homosexual

3-4% for men and 2% for women.

Common Misconceptions for What Causes Homosexuality

Absent father, domineering mother, molested by an adult homosexual, peer influence, hatred of the other sex, raised by homosexual parents.

Effect of External Stimuli on Sex

Men and women become aroused when they see, hear, or read erotic material.

Negative Effects of Exposure to Sexually Explicit Material

Believing rape is acceptable, reducing satisfaction with a partner's appearance or relationship, desensitization.

Behaviors Consistent with Exposure to Sexually Explicit Content

Perceiving peers as sexually active, permissive attitudes, early sex, inconsistent condom use.

L.L

Identified 7 clusters of primary mental abilities.

Fluid Intelligence

Our ability to reason speedily & abstractly.

Crystallized Intelligence

Our accumulated knowledge and verbal skills.

Creating Crystallized Intelligence

Using our g-based fluid intelligence to learn & gain crystallized intelligence in return.

Gardner's 8 Intelligences

A theory that opposes Spearman's "G" theory of intelligence.

Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

3 Intelligences:Practical, Creative, and Analytical.

Savant Syndrome

A condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill.

Success

A combination of talent and GRIT.

Benefits of Emotional Intelligence

Can avoid being overwhelmed by negative emotions, can read others' emotional cues, can delay gratification, contributes to success in various domains.

Achievement Test

Reflects what you have learned.

Aptitude Test

Predicts your ability to learn.

Intelligence Test

Assesses mental aptitude using numerical scores; compared to others.

Principles of Test Construction

Reliability, Validity, Standardization.

Standardization

Your score is based on a comparison among your peers.

Validity

The extent to which the test measures what it claims to measure.

Reliability

The consistency of scores in different editions/occasions.

Test-Retest Reliability

Using the same test on two occasions to measure consistency.

Split-Half Reliability

A measure of reliability in which a test is split into two parts and an individual's scores on both halves are compared.

Content Validity

Are the questions measuring what they're supposed to.

Predictive Validity

Refers to the function of a test in predicting a particular trait or behavior.

Normal Curve

The symmetrical bell-shaped curve that describes the distribution of many attributes.

Alfred Binet

Developed fair tests to measure each child's mental age.

Binet's Philosophy

Believed hard work and other strategies could improve intelligence.

Lewis Terman's Philosophy

Believed IQ was entirely genetic.

Stanford-Binet Test

The widely used American revision of Binet's original intelligence test.

Wechsler's Intelligence Scale

Measures verbal comprehension, processing speed, perceptual organization, working memory.

Differences in Girls' Learning

Better at locating objects, detecting emotions, more verbally fluent.