The Age of Reformation

Erasmus

Christian humanist author who wrote In Praise of Folly criticizing illiterate clergy. He was Catholic, but just wanted a few reforms. He condemned Martin Luther.

He later wrote Julius excluded from Heaven, published anonymously, helping Martin Luther.

William of Ockham

He was an early reformer who disagreed with the works of Thomas Aquinas. He criticized church authority, arguing for the complete separation of spiritual and earthly rule/logic. He was kicked out by the Avignon Pope for his criticisms, and took refuge within the Holy Roman Empire.

"No one serving as a solder gets entangled in civilian affairs"=Thomas Aquinas had used too much worldly reasoning to explain the supernatural, and complexity overdoes it. Rational thought can't justify the supernatural. He believed in fideism.

Thomas Aquinas

Scholastic scholar who William of Ockham disagreed with. The Dumb ox.

John Wycliffe

English theologian and reformer whose ideas anticipate the Protestant Reformation. Supporters became Lollards. He stressed scripture over tradition:

1. a personal relationship between the individual and God (similar to northern humanism)
2. The Bible is the sole source of Christian authority (translated the Wycliffe's bible, vernacular)
3. Didn't think salvation passed through the church alone

Wanted clerical poverty, and even walked barefoot. He supported caesaropapism and denied transubstantiation. He favored predestination and promoted iconoclasm.

Jan Huss

Early Bohemian (located in HRE) reformer, influenced by Wycliffe's Lollards. His ideas also anticipate the Protestant reformation. He denounced moral failings of church officials, advocated for the vernacular, denied the validity of sacraments (except communion), and opposed purgatory.

He supported fideism and impanation (over transubstantiation). He was burned at the stake for heresy at the Council of Constance. This began the Hussite Wars.

Martin Luther

Started as a German monk in Saxony (northern Germany), and had influences from the brethren of the common life and Ockham, Wycliffe, Erasmus, and Jan Huss. He was stressed by scrupulosity, and then concluded that humans are saved by faith and God's grace alone. He posted his 95 Theses on Oct. 31, 1517, insulting Tetzel's sale of indulgences.

Johann Tetzel

Indulgence selling guy who Luther didn't like.

Archbishop of Mainz

Albert of Brandenburg, he was the one who Luther wrote the 95 Theses to.

Pope Leo X

The pope at the time when Luther published the 95 Theses. He was more concerned about the death of Maximilian I, and elected Francis I. Cardinal Thomas Cajetan warned him, but his attention was elsewhere.

Maximilian I

Holy Roman Empire up until the early Protestant Reformation. He died in 1519, shifting the attention of the church to the election of a new emperor. Pope Leo X recommended Francis I, HRE electors choose Charles I, who won and became Charles V of the Holy Roman Empire.

Philip Melanchton

Luther's closest colleague and a young humanist of Greek. He wrote On Improving the Studies of the Young to reform the curriculum on the humanist model. He urged the study of history, poetry, and humanist disciples. He and Luther reconstructed Wittenberg's curriculum.

Charles V

The Holy Roman Emperor (1519-1556) who was also the King of Spain and Duke of Burgundy. He was a part of the Hapsburgs. He was a devout Catholic who tried to keep Germany Catholic but failed miserably.

John of Leyden

Anabaptist leader who led the Anabaptist attempt to establish by force a "kingdom of God" in Munster, Germany

Ulrich Zwingli

Swiss reformer who began Zwinglianism and had the exact same views as Luther except for communion. He thought that communion is a symbolic reminder and celebration of Christ's sacrifice on the cross, and that his blood and body is not literally represented.

He wrote Commentary on True and False Religion, arguing that whatever lacks literal support in scripture is not to be believed or practiced

Albert of Prussia

The first European ruler to establish Lutheranism, and thus Protestantism, as the official state religion of his lands (1525) in the HRE

Philip of Hesse

Protestant ruler in Germany, organized the Marburg Colloquy and led the Schmalkalden League. He attempted to solve disputation between Luther and Ulrich Zwingli over Eucharistic theology. This didn't succeed, preventing Lutherans and Zwinglians from uniting, allowing for further divisions in Protestantism.

John Calvin

Founder of Calvinism who arrived in Geneva, Switzerland while fleeing France after the Affairs of the Placards in 1534. He wrote the Institutes of the Christian Religion in 1536; predestination, scripture over tradition, iconoclasm.

His theocracy in Geneva (Protestant Rome) included the Consistory, ruled by a Judiciary of elders (ministers) who can impose harsh penalties for those not following Calvinist law. He burns Michael Servetus alive for not following Calvinist law.

Calvinist Law

You can't dance, play cards, drink, braid hair, fall asleep in religious service, not say grace before meals. You can be severely punished for adultery, pregnancy outside marriage, heresy, striking a parent, blasphemy, coughing at religious services, favoring the Pope or the church

John Knox

Foremost leader of the Scottish Reformation, bringing Calvinism into the Presbyterian church.

Huguenots

French Protestants of the 16-17th centuries who were largely Calvinists. They were persecuted by the Catholic majority, and many fled the country.

Henry VIII

son of Henry VII and King of England from 1509 to 1547; his divorce from Catherine of Aragon resulted in his break with the Catholic Church in 1534 and his excommunication 1538. He was awarded the title Fidei Defensor for writing the Defense of Seven Sacraments in response to Luther in 1521.

Catherine of Aragon

first wife of Henry VIII; Henry VIII's divorce from her was the initial step of the Reformation in England. Their marriage required a papal dispensation from Pope Julius, and Pope Clement VII wouldn't grant an annulment for divorce. Thomas Cranmer and Thomas Cromwell advised him to break away from the church for this very reason.

William Tyndale

Translated the bible into the vernacular (English) and it was placed in all Anglican churches. He later gets executed for saying that God has more power than Jesus.

Anne Boleyn

Second wife of Henry VIII, was beheaded because she had an affair. She is the mother of Elizabeth I.

Thomas Wolsey

Cardinal and chief minister of Henry VIII. He was hated by Anne Boleyn, and it led to him being charged with treason.

Thomas Cranmer

An advisor of Henry VIII, was secretly Calvinist during Henry VIII's reign and helped Edward VI rule as a Calvinist. He became the Archbishop of Canterbury during Henry's time, and published his Book of Common Prayer during Edward's reign.

Edward VI

Son of Henry VIII and Jane Seymour. He ruled with the help of Thomas Cranmer and Edward Seymour, leading him to be a Calvinist. He repealed the six articles with the 42 articles, which was entirely Calvinist theology, and his death ended Protestantism in England for a while.

Mary Tudor

Daughter of Henry VIII and Catherine of Aragon, she was extremely Catholic and reverted England back to Catholicism once Edward died. After having to kill Lady Jane Grey, she was the first Queen Regnant of England. She required priests to be celibate again, and began the Marian Persecutions of 1555, reviving the Heresy Acts and killing nearly 300 protestants including Archbishop Cranmer. She became Fidei Defensoratrix, and promoted Cardinald Reginald Pole to Archbishop of Canterbury. She had a failed marriage to Philip II and the establishment of Catholicism is reversed after she died.

Elizabeth I

Virgin Queen, daughter of Henry VIII and Anne Boleyn. She established the Elizabethan Settlement/39 articles, compromising between Catholicism and Protestantism. She was a Politique, placing politics before religion. She had to kill Mary Stuart.

Mary Stuart

Queen of Scots, some Catholics attempted to replace Elizabeth I with Mary. This ended in her getting executed.

Teresa de Avila

Spanish mystic who founded the Disacred Carmelites, called in the Council of Trent.

Pope Paul III

Pope who experienced the majority of the Protestant Reformation, employed the Jesuits when he approved of Loyola's outline of the Society of Jesus, declared sublimus Deus against the enslavement of Natives, and called the Council of Trent.

Ignatius Loyola

Founder of the Jesuits, a Catholic order of priests who were missionaries. He was a soldier who directed himself toward religious matters. He wrote the Spiritual Exercises, a guidebook for Jesuit training involving 4 weeks of meditation of prayer.

Thomas Cromwell

An advisor (chief minister) of Henry VIII who first advised him to break away from the church and later got beheaded for suggesting that he marry Anne of Cleeves.

Thomas Muntzer

German theologian who at first liked Luther and then disliked him. He was a radical reformer whose preachings in the Southern HRE led to rebellion, and he led the German peasants' revolt in 1524. He later became an anabaptist.

Cardinal Reginald Pole

Appointed by Bloody Mary to replace Thomas Cranmer after the Marian executions. He hated Machiavelli.

Menno Simmons

Pacifist who founded the Mennonites. He urged Anabaptists to be nonviolent after the Munster Rebellion. Now, Anabaptist churches are Mennonite churches.

All church problems

Simony (selling of positions), nepotism (favoring family), selling indulgences, absenteeism, pluralism, moral decline, illiterate clergy

95 Theses

Document posted on Oct 31, 1517 by Martin Luther. This was a letter to the Archbishop of Mainz. This outlined his contempt for the selling of indulgences. It also talked about salvation by faith, scriptural authority. This wasn't paid much attention to due to the death of Maximilian I. Cardinal Thomas Cajetan showed it to Pope Leo X. He later debated about it with Johann Eck, and got labeled as a heretic. Here, he published his 3 reformation tracts addressed to the German nobility, clergy, and public. Then, he was excommunicated and tried at the Diet of Worms.

Diet of Worms

The imperial secretary scolds Luther in thinking he alone can be right over centuries of Church tradition. This is where protestantism is born, and Luther says "my conscience is captive to the word of God".

Confessions of Augsburg

A statement of Protestant beliefs, providing a statement of their moderate theology that would be acceptable to Roman Catholics. It defended Lutherans against misinterpretations and became the traditional statement of the Lutheran church.
It was presented by Philip Melanchthon to a council called by Charles V, attempting to unite Lutheran and Catholic princes against Ottoman aggression. This was a response to the Diet of Augsburg. It was rejected by Charles V and Catholic princes.

German peasants' revolt

When Thomas Muntzer and other radical reformationists took a political stance to Luther's ideology, demanding rights for peasants. Luther shuts them down because he needs to please the princes.

Twelve articles (Swabian uprising)

Document written by Sebastion Lotzer. The Twelve Articles: The Just and Fundamental Articles of All the Peasantry and Tenants of Spiritual and Temporal Powers by Whom They Think Themselves Oppressed.

League of Schmalkalden

League formed by Francis I, the Ottoman Turks, and Protestant princes within the Holy Roman Empire against Charles V after the Diet of Augsburg. This led to Charles V getting defeated in the Hapsburg-Valois wars, preventing religious unity and bringing the Peace of Augsburg.

Hapsburg-Valois Wars

Wars between Francis I and Charles V in which Francis formed the Schmalkaldic League with the Ottoman Turks and the Protestant princes. Charles V lost, ending hope of Catholic religious unity in the Holy Roman Empire. This brought about the Peace of Augsburg. Took place for 34 years, from 1521-1555

Peace of Augsburg, 1555

The Treaty of Charles V and the Schmalkalden League stated that cuius regio, eius religio (whose region, his religion). This recognized Lutheranism and Catholicism, but not Calvinism nor Anabaptists.

Anabaptists

Those believing that only adult baptism is valid, thus wanting re baptism. They became a separatist group, after the Munster rebellion in which they tried to seize control and declare an Old testament theocracy, instituting a form of communism. Because of this, Catholics and Lutherans began to suppress them, leading to their diminishing numbers.

Tragedy at Munster

When the Anabaptists tried to seize control and declare an Old testament theocracy, instituting a form of communism.

Mennonites

A member of the protestant church arising from Anabaptism. They were pacifists due to the influence of Menno Simmons.

Unitarians

Those who reject the trinity, stating that God is only one person, rejecting that Jesus is the son of God. Arose from Protestantism

Colloquy at Marburg

Organized by Philip of Hesse, this was an attempt to solve disputation between Luther and Zwingli over Eucharistic theology. Zwingli's Commentary on True and False Religion argues that whatever lacks literal support in scripture is not to be believed or practiced. Zwingli believed that communion was a symbolic reminder and celebration, while Luther took a more literal approach. This disagreement prevents unity within Protestantism, allowing for the rise of other branches of Protestantism, like Anabaptism.

Institutes of the Christian Religion

Christenae Religionis Institutio, this was Calvin's theology published in 1536. This argues predestination, the elect, emphasis on hard work, damnation, scriptural authority. Crucifixes, statues, sacred paintings, restments, altars, confessionals, stained class, and icons were removed, creating a bare church.

predestination

The idea that God already knows who is going to hell (most) and who is going to Heaven (Elect)

The elect

The few that God saves to go to heaven. They act as visible saints and lead a solemn Christian life--hard work (Protestant work ethic), dressing well, avoiding frivalous entertainment, correct worship

Geneva

Protestant Rome; this is where Calvin's theocracy took place. He took refuge here after being chased out of France for the Affairs of the Placards and due to Lutheran wars throughout the Holy Roman Empire.

presbyterianism

Calvinists in Scotland led by John Knox

Huguenots

French calvinists

Dutch Reformed Church

Dutch Calvinists in the Netherlands

Puritans

English Calvinists, who later moved to America

English Reformation

Henry wants a son, oopsie new religion!

In Defense of the Seven Sacraments

Written by Henry VIII in response to Luther's 3 reformation tracts. This gets him the title "Fidei Defensor"

Church of England

Anglican Church created by Henry VIII under the advice of Thomas Cranmer/Cromwell, and this included mostly Catholic ideology at first (6 articles) and then Calvinist ideology (42 articles)

Statue of the Six Articles

Pilgrimage of Grace

Marian persecutions

politique

Elizabethan settlement/39 articles

Catholic (counter) reformation

Council of Trent

Index of Prohibited Books

Jesuits

Lutheranism

Calvinism

Anglicanism

Caesaropapism

Transubstatiation

Consubstantiaion

Impanation

Symbolic Profession of Faith

Spiritual Real Presence

Three Reformation Tracts

On Temporal Authority

Against the Thievish, Murderous Hordes of Peasants

Exsurge Domine

Against the Bull of the AntiChrist

Edict of Worms

Luther's Theology (five rules)

Luther's solas

Women's role in Protestantism

Schleitheim Confession

Christianae Religionis Institutio (1536)

Consistory

Act of Supremacy

42 articles

the book of the common Prayer

Reformation parliament

Archbishop of Canterbury

Episcopalian

Apostolic Succession

papal primacy