Math Terms

Addition

Combining numbers.

Example: 2 + 3 = 5

Subtraction

Taking one number away from another.

Example: 5 − 2 = 3

Multiplication

Repeated addition.

Example: 4 × 3 = 12

Division

Splitting into equal parts.

Example: 12 ÷ 3 = 4

Equation

A math statement with “=”.

Example: x + 2 = 5, a² + b² = c², E = mc²

Fraction

Part of a whole.

Example: 1/2

Decimal

Number with a decimal point.

Example: 0.75

Percentage

Out of 100.

Example: 50% = 50/100

Ratio

Comparison of two numbers.

Example: 2:3, 2/3, 2 to 3

Proportion

Equality of two ratios.

Example: 2/3 = 4/6 (2 × 2/3 × 2)

Variable

Symbol for unknown value.

Example: x in x + 2

Constant

Fixed value.

Example: 5 in x + 5

Algebra

Math using variables.

Example: Solve x + 2 = 4

Geometry

Study of shapes.

Example: Triangle

Trigonometry

Study of angles and triangles.

Example: sin(30°)

Calculus

Study of change.

Example: Derivative of x²

Function

Input → output rule.

Example: f(x) = x + 1

Graph

Visual representation.

Example: Plot of y = x²

Matrix

Array of numbers.

Example: [[1,2],[3,4]]

Vector

Quantity with direction.

Example: (2,3)

Scalar

Quantity with only size.

Example: 5

Integral

Area under curve.

Example: ∫x dx

Derivative

Rate of change.

Example: d/dx(x²) = 2x

Limit

Value a function approaches.

Example: lim x→0 (x²) = 0

Sequence

Ordered numbers.

Example: 1,2,3,4

Series

Sum of a sequence.

Example: 1+2+3

Polynomial

Expression with powers.

Example: x² + 3x + 1

Quadratic

Degree 2 polynomial.

Example: x² + 2x + 1

Linear

Straight-line equation.

Example: y = 2x

Exponential

Variable in exponent.

Example: 2^x

Logarithm

Inverse of exponent.

Example: log₂(8) = 3

Probability

Chance of event.

Example: 1/6 (dice)

Statistics

Data analysis.

Example: Finding average

Mean

Average value.

Example: (2+4+6)/3 = 4

Median

Middle value.

Example: 1,3,5 → 3

Mode

Most frequent value.

Example: 2,2,3 → 2

Range

Max − Min.

Example: 10−2 = 8

Standard Deviation

Spread of data.

Example: Measures variation

Variance

Square of spread.

Example: SD²

Histogram

Bar graph of data.

Example: Frequency bars

Sample

Part of population.

Example: 10 students

Population

Entire group.

Example: All students

Hypothesis

Testable claim.

Example: “Plants grow faster with light”

Regression

Relationship between variables.

Example: Line of best fit

Correlation

Strength of relationship.

Example: Positive/negative trend

Prime Number

Only 2 factors.

Example: 7

Composite Number

More than 2 factors.

Example: 8

Rational Number

Fraction form.

Example: 1/2

Irrational Number

Cannot be fraction.

Example: π

Real Number

All rational + irrational.

Example: 5, √2

Complex Number

Has imaginary part.

Example: 3 + 2i

Imaginary Number

Multiple of i.

Example: √−1 = i

Combination

Order doesn’t matter.

Example: Choosing 2 from 3

Permutation

Order matters.

Example: Arranging ABC

Factorial

Product of integers.

Example: 4! = 24

Angle

Measure of turn.

Example: 90°

Triangle

3-sided shape.

Example: △ABC

Circle

Round shape.

Example: x² + y² = r²

Radius

Center to edge.

Example: r = 5

Diameter

Across circle.

Example: d = 2r

Circumference

Perimeter of circle.

Example: 2πr

Area

Surface inside shape.

Example: πr²

Perimeter

Boundary length.

Example: 4 sides total

Volume

Space inside 3D shape.

Example: l×w×h

Surface Area

Outside area of 3D.

Example: Cube faces

Cube

6 equal square faces.

Example: Dice

Sphere

Perfect ball shape.

Example: Globe

Cylinder

Tube shape.

Example: Can