BSC1010 FSW Final

The atomic number of an element is the number of

protons in the nucleus

In a covalent bond, atoms

share electrons

In living cells, a process by which cells break polymers down into monomers with the addition of water is

hydrolysis

The primary building block of proteins

amino acid

cohesion is a property of water in which water molecules tend to stick together

true

Carbohydrate polymer limited to two monomer units, it is called

disaccharide

Smaller than an organelle

molecule

plants extract minerals from soil, so they are considered

autotroph

order of organization

atom, molecule, organelle, cell, tissue, organ

3 domains

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

Oxygen has atomic number of 8. Uncharged has _______ electrons in outer shell

8

Weak bond between water molecules

hydrogen bond

Theory proven wrong?

yes - new observation could disprove

type of bond with complete transfer of electrons

ionic

Highest H+ Concentration

Lemon Juice - 2.3 (lowest pH)

A solution that resists a change in pH when an acid or base is added to it is a(n) __________.

buffer

a substance that dissolves in water freely

hydrophilic

smallest living unit

atoms

Mass number is defined as total number of __________ of an atom

protons and neutrons

Homeostasis

conditions inside a cell in a constant range

Found in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

ribosome

A prokaryotic cell

does not have a nucleus

In most mammals the DNA found in mitochondria is inherited from

mother only

Which cellular structure is correctly matched?

ribosome: protein synthesis

A cytoskeleton

all above - composed of microtubules, microfilament, intermediate filaments - aids in cell division - in eukaryotic cells - system of tracks

Enzymes are typically

proteins

cellular processes that require energy input are coupled with

ATP hydrolysis

Which is false about mitrochondria

Carry out photosynthesis

A phospholipid molecule has

a hydrophilic head that is attracted to water.

entropy is

disorder

oxidation

loss of electrons

oxidation-reduction reactions

Remove electrons from one molecule and add them to another molecule simultaneously

which of the following organelles contain enzymes involved in cellular digestion

lysosomes and peroxisomes

Cellular junction prevents stomach acid from leaking

tight juntion

first law of thermodynamics

Energy cannot be created or destroyed

a central vacuole of a mature plant cell

produces turgor pressure

organelle found in plant cells and some protista but not in animal cells

chloroplasts

protein synthesis takes place in

ribosomes

cell theory

cells come from preexisting cells

Unlike animal cells, plant cells have

central vacuole, chloroplast, cell wall

which of these organisms do photosynthesis

plants, algae, cyanobacteria

photosynthesis is

energy transfer process that produces glucose and oxygen

energy source for photosynthesis

sunlight

organisms that make own organic compounds from inorganic substances are

autotrophs

organelle that carries out photosynthesis

chloroplasts

openings in a leaf that allow gas exchange

stomata

which pathway used for photosynthesis by a cactus

c4 pathway

in the calvin cycle, carbon dioxide are reduced by the addition of electrons carried from the light reactions by

NADPH

grana, thylakoids,chloroplasts are all needed for photosynthesis. t/f

true

during photosynthesis, carbohydrqtes are synthesized _______________

during the calvin cycle (light independent reactions)

photosynthesis equation

6 co2 + 6 h2o ----> c6h12o6 + 6 o2

what will happen to the pH inside of a thylakoid that is exposed to light

it will decrease.

how is water used in photosynthesis

as an electron donor inthe photosystems

when a plant encounters stressful, hot conditions, the

stomata close, decreasing gas exchange

photosystem I and photosystem II are part of

light reactions

the majority of ATP produced by aerobic cellular respiration is synthesized during ___________________

electron transport chain and chemiosmotic (aka oxidative) phosphorylation

how does aerobic cellular respiration compare to fermentation

all above - resp requires oxygen fermentation doesnt/both in cytoplasm but resp also mitochondria/resp makes more ATP/Glycolosis part of both

role of oxygen in aerobic cellular respiration

final electron acceptor of electron transport chain

primary organelle that generates ATP

mitochondria

main reason cellular aerobic respiration needs to be step by step

too much energy would be released as heat and destroy cell

glycoloysis occurs in the...

cytoplasm

enzyme that forms a transport. channel in mitochondria and uses potential energy of proton gradient to form ATP is

ATP synthesis

the space and fluid enclosed by the highly folded mitochondrial membrane is

matrix

in glycoloysis and kreb's cycle, electrons are removed from glucose and taken up by NAD+ In such reaction, glucose is being ___________ and NAD+ is being _____________.

oxidized; reduced

the electron transport system occurs in

mitochondria

how can glycolosis produce ATP in the absence of oxygen and ATP synthase

by substrate-level phosphorylation

alcholic fermentation

all above - produces alcohol and carbon dioxide/carried out by yeasts/produces far less ATP then aerobic respiration

in the krebs cycle,citrateforms when __________ combines with the 2 carbons od acetyl CoA

oxaloacetate

in glycolysis the net number of NADH produced is

2

in eukaryotic cells, the electrons donated by NADH and FADH2 are transported along electron transport proteins in the

inner mitochondrial membrane

copying genetic info from DNA to RNA is ______; using ths info in mRNA to make a protine is ____

transcription; translation

genetic info occurs in this sequence

DNA -RNA-- polypeptide

RNA differs from DNA

RNA contains Uracil

if DNA is 22% T what would be the percentage of G

28%

In eukar cells if you compare DNA sequence of gene with sequnce of prkcessed mRNA tht was transcribed

the mRNA is shorter because it doeznt contain introns

whats compimentary to TGCCAT

ACGGTA

bacteriophage consist of ________ coat and _____ core

protiene; nucleic acid

job of tRNA during translation

carries amino acids to mRNA

if you replace A with C or delete G or add other nucleotides this is called____

mutation

the process of DNA replication is said to be semi-conservitive bc

the ends of linear chromosomes are shortened w every round of replication

sci that made ball and stick model

Watson and Crick

prokaryotic organisms reproduce by

Binary Fission

mitosis produces

2 daughter cells gendtically identical to the parent cell

part of chromosome that attatches sister chromatids is

centromere

sequence of phases for mitosis

prophase--prometaphase--metaphase--anaphase--telophase

DNA polymerase is most active during which phase of the cell cycle

S

a cell inhibited during s phase of cycle cwn not reproduce do to lack of _____

DNA synthesis

cytokinesis usually, but not always, follows mitosis. if a cell doesnt then

a cell with two or more nuclei

human cells contain ____ chromosomes

46

Metastasis means

divide

cancer is a disorder where cells cant control their

rate of cell division

which stage do chromosomes duplicte

Interphase: S

sister chromatids are

genetically identical and attatched ag the centromere

DNA and histones from bead like globules known as

nucleosomes

a diploid germ cell reduces its chromosome number by half to generate 4 haploid cells in

Meiosis

In meiosis, DNA replicates during

Before meiosis

In meiosis 2, cytokinesis results in the production of

Four genetically unique haploid daughter cells

Alternate forms of the same gene are

alleles

In humans, the sex of the offspring is determined by the

sex chromosome carried by the sperm cell

Genetic variability is generated in sexual reproduction as a result of these processes except....

Cytokinesis