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Guillain-barre syndrome

Immune system attacks myelin sheaths, leading to ascending, symmetrical weakness/paralysis. Can progress in hours to weeks

Wernicke’s encephalopathy

A neurological disorder caused by thiamine (vitamin B1) deficiency, often associated with chronic alcoholism. Sudden onset confusion, ataxia, and ophthalmoplegia (eye movement problems).

Type I ambulance

Truck chassis with modular box

Type II ambulance

Vanbulance

Type III ambulance

Van chassis with modular box

Pancreatitis

Abdominal pain that radiates to the back, fever, nausea/vomiting after eating

Cause of sinus arrest

SA node stops firing

Pediatric fluid resus (PALS)

Hypovolemic shock: 20 ml/kg

Hemorrhagic/septic shock: 10-20 ml/kg, same for blood product

Cardiogenic shock: 5-10 ml/kg over 10-20 minutes

Causes of right axis deviation

COPD/RVH, right ventricular failure, pulmonary embolism, congenital heart disease

Retinal detachment symptoms

Characterized by flashes of light and floaters, followed by a “curtain” or “shadow” obscuring part of the visual field. Painless. Myopia increases the risk.

Acute angle closure glaucoma symptoms

Sudden onset severe eye pain, headache, nausea/vomiting, fixed mid dilated pupil, vision loss

Central retinal artery occlusion

Sudden, painless, profound vision loss without warning signs

Optic neuritis symptoms

pain with eye movement and a gradual loss of vision, often with changes in color perception

Monroe - Kellie doctrine

The Monroe-Kellie doctrine is a medical principle stating that the skull is a rigid structure and the volume of blood, brain, and cerebrospinal fluid within it is constant. An increase in one component must be compensated by a decrease in the others to maintain intracranial pressure.

12 lead characteristics of a left anterior fascicular block

LAD of at least -45 degrees

QR complex in lead I and RS complex in lead III

Typically an RS complex in leads II and III

Phases of systole

Isovolumetric contraction: Ventricles contract, increasing pressure on the semilunar valves

Ventricular ejection: The semilunar valves open, allowing blood to enter the aorta and pulmonary artery

augmented leads in a 12 lead

aVR, aVL, and aVF

60 cycle interference

ECG interference from nearby electrical devices or poor ECG machine grounding

Addisons disease

Caused by the atrophy or destruction of both adrenal glands, typically the result of an auto immune responseresulting in insufficient production of cortisol and aldosterone.

Most common gases released during chemical suicides

Hydrogen cyanide and hydrogen sulfide

pediatric cuffed ET tube sizing

3.5 + (age in years/4)

Pediatric cuffed ET tube sizing

4 + (age in years/4)

Minimum people required to safely restrain someone

5

LAD leads

V1-V4

RCA leads

II & III

Left circumflex leads

V5 & V6, I & AVL

90-90-9 rule

The following lead to increased chance of death

• Single point drop below SPO2 of 90%

• Single point drop below systolic of 90

• Single drop of two or more points in the Pts prior best GCS score of less than 9

Biots (cluster) respirations

Groups of quick, shallow breaths followed by periods of apnea

Most commonly associated with increased ICP, particularly with damage to the medulla oblongata due to brainstem compression or herniation

Ataxic respirations

Varying depths and periods of apnea, typically seen later in neurological deterioration due to severe brainstem injury

Apneustic respirations

prolonged inspiratory phase followed by short expiratory effort. Typically associated with injury to the pons.

NG tube measurement

Nose to earlobe to xiphoid process.

Most common incomplete spinal cord injury

Central cord syndrome

Functional areas of the ICS

Operations, finance, planning, logistics

Phase 0 of the cardiac cycle

Calcium influx of the cell begins, represented by the P wave

Phase 1 of the cardiac cycle

Sodium moves into the cell and creates a positive charge, represented by the QRS complex

Phase 3 of the cardiac cycle

Calcium channels close, calcium and potassium move out of the cell. Represented by the T wave

Phase 2 of the cardiac cycle

potassium and calcium slowly enter the cell and potassium continues to flow out of the cell. Represented by the ST segment

Phase 4 of the cardiac cycle

Sodium and potassium trade places and prepare for the next depolarization

Systolic heart failure

characterized by thinning of the ventricle wall and reduced ejection fraction

Diastolic heart failure

Ventricular hypertrophy due to damage

Negative QRS in lead 1 and positive QRS in lead avL

Right axis deviation

Phases of diastole

Rapid filling phase: AV valves open and blood flows into the ventricles

Diastasis: Pressure between atria and ventricles equalize

Atrial kick: Atria contract and send remaining blood into the ventricles

Epicardium

Outermost layer of the heart, forms part of the visceral layer of the serous pericardium. Includes connective tissue, fat, and the coronary arteries

Myocardium

Middle, thickest layer of the heart, composed of cardiac muscle

Endocardium

Innermost layer of the heart, makes up valves

Right atrial enlargement ECG

Tall, peaked P waves

Left atrial enlargement

Broad, notched P waves