Chapter 22

Kwame Nkrumah

A key figure in the independence movement of Ghana and its first Prime Minister.

National self-determination

The principle that nations have the right to govern themselves and make their own political decisions.

Ho Chi Minh

Vietnamese nationalist leader known for his role in the struggle for independence from French colonial rule.

Sukarno

The first President of Indonesia and a prominent figure in the country's fight for independence from Dutch colonial rule.

Colonial Empire

A nation that extends its power and control over foreign territories.

Decolonization

The historical process where colonies become independent from colonial powers.

Nationalism

A political ideology that emphasizes loyalty and devotion to one's nation and culture.

Guerrilla Warfare

A military strategy involving irregular tactics used by small groups against larger, traditional forces.

Mass Mobilization

The act of organizing large groups of people for political or social action.

Ideology

A collection of beliefs or ideas that guide political movements and actions.

Anticolonial movement

Political efforts aimed at opposing and ending colonial rule.

Western-educated

Colonial subjects who received education in European institutions and often played leadership roles in independence movements.

Indian National Congress (INC)

The dominant political party in India that played a crucial role in the Indian independence movement.

All-India Muslim League

A political party formed to represent the interests of Muslims in India.

Mahatma Gandhi

A leader who advocated for nonviolent resistance in the struggle for India's independence.

Jawaharlal Nehru

India's first Prime Minister and a significant leader in the Indian independence movement.

Conjuncture

A combination of circumstances that together bring about significant historical change.

Abdul Ghaffar Khan

A close associate of Gandhi who supported nonviolent resistance and Indian independence.

Satyagraha movement

Gandhi's philosophy promoting nonviolent resistance to injustice.

Indian Partition (1947)

The division of British India into two separate nations, India and Pakistan, leading to widespread violence.

Boycott

An organized refusal to use or buy goods as a form of protest.

Bangladesh

A country that gained independence from Pakistan in 1971 after a prolonged conflict.

Afrikaner

A group of white South Africans, primarily of Dutch descent, with a distinct cultural identity.

Boer

Descendants of Dutch settlers in South Africa.

Apartheid

A system of institutionalized racial segregation and discrimination in South Africa.

Civil disobedience

The active, professed refusal to obey certain laws as a peaceful protest against injustice.

Bantustans

Territories set aside for Black South Africans during apartheid.

Pass laws

Laws that restricted the movement of Black South Africans and imposed severe penalties for violations.

Nelson Mandela

A prominent anti-apartheid revolutionary who became South Africa's first Black president.

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

The leader of the Muslim League and instrumental in the creation of Pakistan.

Pan Africanist Congress

A militant nationalist organization advocating for the rights and unity of Africans against colonial rule.

Gatsha Buthelezi

The leader of the Inkatha Freedom Party and a significant figure in South African politics.

Sharpeville Massacre (1960)

A pivotal event where police killed demonstrators protesting apartheid laws

End of Apartheid (1994)

The year when South Africa held its first democratic elections, marking the end of apartheid.

Soweto Uprising (1976)

A series of student protests against the imposition of Afrikaans in schools during apartheid.

Third World / Global South

Developing nations primarily located in Africa, Asia, and Latin America that emerged after decolonization.

Multiparty democracy

A political system in which multiple parties compete for power and representation.

Developing countries

Nations that are working to improve their economies and standard of living.

One-party state

A government in which only a single political party is legally allowed to hold power.

Military regime

A government led by military officials, often following a coup d'état.

Dictatorship

A form of government in which absolute power is concentrated in a single leader.

Shah Reza Pahlavi

The last monarch of Iran, known for his modernization efforts before the Iranian Revolution.

Kemal Atatürk

The founder of modern Turkey who implemented secular reforms and nationalism.

Import Substitution Industrialization (ISI)

An economic strategy aimed at boosting domestic production to reduce reliance on imports.

Secularization

The process of decreasing the influence of religion in social and governmental affairs.

Islamic revival

A movement emphasizing a return to Islamic principles in society and governance.

Population explosion

A rapid increase in population, particularly noted during the 20th century.

African National Congress (ANC)

The main political party in South Africa that fought against apartheid and racial discrimination.

Mikhail Gorbachev (lowest scoring from Ch 21)

The final leader of the Soviet Union whose reforms contributed to its dissolution.

Josef Broz (lowest scoring from Ch 21)

Yugoslav communist leader known for his independent stance from Soviet influence post-World War II.