Survey of Human Diseases Exam 1

Chapters 1-3

What is the best definition of​ health?

A. the condition in which the human body performs its vital functions normally

B. the condition in which the human body is free from disease

C. the condition of relative stability of internal structures under changing external conditions

D. the condition of relative​ well-being without the presence of disorders or syndromes

A. the condition in which the human body performs its vital functions normally

What physical assessment technique produces sounds by tapping on specific areas of the body using​ fingers, hands, or a small​ instrument?

A. auscultation

B. percussion

C. inspection

D. palpation

B. percussion

C. pathology

What is the study of​ disease? (Especially the structural and functional changes produced by them)

A. chemistry

B. anthropology

C. pathology

D. biology

What is the leading cause of death in the United​ States?

A. cerebrovascular diseases​ (stroke)

B. malignant neoplasms​ (cancer)

C. diseases of the respiratory tract

D. diseases of the heart

D. diseases of the heart

What category of disease is sickle cell​ anemia?

A. degenerative

B. metabolic

C. infectious

D. hereditary

D. hereditary

What category of disease best describes a disease in which the function or structure of the affected tissues or organs progressively deteriorates over​ time?

A. neoplastic

B. metabolic

C. inflammatory

D. degenerative

D. degenerative

What is true regarding risk factors related to​ disease?

A. Risk factors are always present with the development of disease.

B. Risk factors are the etiology of disease.

C. Risk factors guarantee a disease will develop.

D. Risk factors increase a​ person's chance of developing a disease.

D. Risk factors increase a​ person's chance of developing a disease.

According to the United States Health and Human​ Services, what choice best demonstrates a component of a healthy​ plate?

A.enriched white rice covering​ 25% of the plate

B. green leafy vegetables covering​ 50% of the plate

C. ​lean, fatty fish covering​ 50% of the plate

D. whole grain rice covering​ 10% of the plate

B. green leafy vegetables covering​ 50% of the plate

The medical assistant is assisting the primary care provider during a​ client's annual health exam. Which statement will the medical assistant most likely hear the provider tell the client regarding smoking​ cessation?

A. "Within one day of​ quitting, an​ ex-smoker's risk for heart attack​ drops."

B. "Within five years of​ quitting, an​ ex-smoker's risk for heart disease is about the same as that of a lifelong​ nonsmoker."

C. ​"Within three months of​ quitting, an​ ex-smokers lung function begins to​ improve."

D. ​"Within one week of​ quitting, an​ ex-smoker's risk for heart disease is about the same as that of a lifelong​ nonsmoker."

C. ​"Within three months of​ quitting, an​ ex-smokers lung function begins to​ improve."

Homeostasis

Maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions under fluctuating environmental conditions

Disease

Deviation from normal structure or function that interrupts or modifies the performance of vital functions

Pathologist

Physician who interprets and diagnoses the changes cause by disease. They examine bodily tissues and fluids.

Signs

Objective (not influenced by feelings) evidence of disease observe on physical examination, such as abnormal pulse or fever

Symptoms

Subjective (influenced by feelings) indication of disease perceived by the patient, such as pain, dizziness, and itching

Syndrome

A group of signs and symptoms that occur together and characterize a particular disease

Disorder

Functional abnormal of the body or mind

Diagnosis

Process of identifying a disease or disorder from its signs and symptoms

Prognosis

Predicted course and outcome of a disease

Acute

Describing a disease that has a sudden onset and a short duration

Terminal

Resulting in death, as in a terminal disease

Chronic

Description of a disease that is a long-lasting or frequently recurring

Remission

The period of a chronic disease when signs and symptoms subside

Exacerbation

Period of a chronic disease when signs and symptoms recur in all their severity

Relapse

Return of a disease weeks or months after its apparent cessation

Complications

Conditions that develop in a patient already suffering from a disease

Sequela

Aftermath of a particular disease, such as permanent damage to the heart after rheumatic fever

Mortality

Number of deaths attributed to a disease in a given time or place

Morbidity

Incidence of disease. (How many people are affected by a disease)

See Incidence

Incidence: Rate of occurrence of new cases of a particular disease in a population being studied

Incidence

Rate of occurrence of new cases of a particular disease in a population being studied

Prevalence

Percentage of a population that is affected with a particular disease at a given time

Epidemiology

Study of occurrence, transmission, and control of diseases

Etiology

Cause of a disease

Idiopathic Disease

A disease that develops spontaneously or for which the specific cause or underlying mechanism is unknown

Heriditary

Abnormality in an in individual's genes or chromosomes

Congenital

Exist at or date from birth; can be acquired through heredity or acquired during development in the uterus

Degenerative

Rate of occurrence of new cases of a particular disease in a population being studied

Inflammatory, autoimmune, and allergic

Rate of occurrence of new cases of a particular disease in a population being studied

Neoplastic

Rate of occurrence of new cases of a particular disease in a population being studied

Metabolic

Rate of occurrence of new cases of a particular disease in a population being studied

Traumatic

Rate of occurrence of new cases of a particular disease in a population being studied

Nutritional

Rate of occurrence of new cases of a particular disease in a population being studied

Risk factors for disease (5)

Environmental, chemical, physiological, psychological, or genetic

Hereditary diseases examples

Hemophilia, sickle cell anemia, cystic fribrosis

Congenital diseases examples

Tetralogy of Fallot (heart abnormality)

Degenerative diseases examples

Arteriosclerosis, osteoarthritis, Alzheimer's disease

Inflammation/autoimmunity/allergy diseases examples

Asthma, systemic lupus erythematosus, hay fever

Infectious diseases examples

Tuberculosis, influenza, syphilis

Neoplastic diseases examples

Lung cancer, malignant melanoma, breast cancer

Metabolic diseases examples

Diabetes, hypothyroidism, gigantism

Trauma examples

Burns, frostbite, bone fractures

Nutritional-imbalance diseases examples

Iron-deficiency, anemia, scurvy, obesity

What is​ immunity?

A. the​ body's ability to resist infectious disease

B. the ability to prevent pathogens from entering the body

C. a foreign substance that recognizes itself within the body.

D. the cause of​ redness, heat,​ swelling, and pain in body

A. the​ body's ability to resist infectious disease

Which causes a patient with a cold to sneeze and​ cough?

A. A high fever causes​ sneezing, coughing,​ dehydration, and nausea.

B. Antibodies binding to antigens cause a histamine reaction of sneezing and coughing.

C. The inflammatory process results in sneezing and coughing.

D. The inflammatory process releases histamines within the lungs to repair damaged tissue causing a reaction of sneezing and coughing.

C. The inflammatory process results in sneezing and coughing.

What is the function of an​ interferon?

A. to slow the growth rate of pathogens by stimulating antibody production

B. to decrease the immune response following antigen attack

C. stimulates uninfected cells to resist viral infections

D. to eliminate​ virus-infected cells and cancer cells

C. stimulates uninfected cells to resist viral infections

What is the difference between a​ B-cell and plasma cell in humoral​ immunity?

A. B-cells live about four or five​ days, and the plasma cells produce antibodies to live longer after initial exposure.

B. B-cells are natural killer​ cells, and plasma cells increase phagocytosis and cytotoxic​ T-cell production.

C. B-cells are responsible for secreting​ antibodies, and plasma cells are responsible for a more potent and rapid antibody response.

D. An activated​ B-cell divides and develops into a​ short-lived plasma​ cell, which secretes antibodies.

D. An activated​ B-cell divides and develops into a​ short-lived plasma​ cell, which secretes antibodies.

What are​ antibodies?

A. antiviral proteins produced by animal cells after viral infection to resist future infections

B. proteins activated to aid in the inflammatory response to prevent further damage to injured tissues

C. cells that originate in the red bone marrow that protect the body against​ viruses, abnormal​ cells, and other intracellular pathogens

D. proteins produced by​ B-lymphocytes that defend the body against extracellular antigens

D. proteins produced by​ B-lymphocytes that defend the body against extracellular antigens

What triggers humoral​ immunity?

A. Antigens

B. Damaged skin

C. Chemicals

D. Fever

A. Antigens

Which type of immunity is responsible for tissue graft and organ transplant​ rejections?

A. interferon immunity

B. non-specific immunity

C. humoral immunity

D. cell-mediated immunity

D. cell-mediated immunity

Where in the body do the T and B cells travel to await activation by a unique​ antigen?

A. lymph and bone marrow

B. thymus and spleen

C. bone marrow and thymus

D. lymph nodes and spleen

D. lymph nodes and spleen

Seventy percent of lupus cases are which type of​ lupus?

A. neonatal

B. cutaneous

C. systemic

D. drug-induced

C. systemic

What are the signs and symptoms of systemic lupus erythematosus​ (SLE)?

A. fever, arthritis, and pain in two or more joints

B. fatigue, fever, and photosensitivity

C. heartburn, fatigue, and butterfly rash across the cheeks and nose

D. fatigue, photosensitivity, and​ fibromyalgia-type symptoms

B. fatigue, fever, and photosensitivity

According to the World Scleroderma​ Foundation, scleroderma affects 2.5 million people​ world-wide. Scleroderma more commonly affects which​ demographic?

A. both men and women equally

B. women

C. men

D. teens

B. women

What is an allergen?

A. triggered cell-mediated immunity

B. an antigen that causes an allergic response

C. an inflammatory response within the body

D. a pathogen that causes an allergic response

B. an antigen that causes an allergic response

Of the four types of​ hypersensitivity, which is the most common type of​ allergy?

A. Type III triggered by antibodies

B. Type II triggered by IgM

C. Type I triggered by IgE

D. Type IV triggered​ cell-mediated immunity

C. Type I triggered by IgE

How many people per hour are infected by​ HIV?

A. 200

B. 150

C. 100

D. 300

D. 300

How many people have died from AIDS since the epidemic began 30 years​ ago?

A. 34 million

B. 30 million

C. 60 million

D. 1.7 million

B. 30 million

How is HIV​ diagnosed?

A. a CD4 agglutination reaction test

B. the ELISA​ test, which is repeated and confirmed with the Western blot test

C. a CD4 fluorescent antibody test

D. a​ C-reactive protein that is confirmed with an agglutination test

B. the ELISA​ test, which is repeated and confirmed with the Western blot test

What is a risk factor for​ Hodgkin's lymphoma?

A. the common cold

B. herpes simplex

C. shingles

D. HIV

D. HIV

Which diagnostic test is used to diagnose and stage​ Hodgkin's lymphoma?

A. CBC

B. biopsy

C. lumbar puncture

D. physical exam

B. biopsy

What are signs and symptoms of​ non-Hodgkin's lymphoma?

A. painless swelling of lymph nodes and chest pain

B. painful swelling of lymph nodes and generalized pain

C. coughing and anorexia

D. night sweats and unexplained weight gain

A. painless swelling of lymph nodes and chest pain

Immunity

Ability of the body to resist disease

Antigen

Any foreign substance that when introduced into the body is recognized as nonself and activates the immune system

Nonspecific immunity

Immunity that is present at birth and provides immediate, short-term protection against any antigen

Specific immunity

Immunity that responds to the presence of specific antigens and develops in response to contact with those antigens, also known as adaptive immunity

Pathogen

Microorganism that causes disease

Phagocytes

Leukocyte that engulfs and destroys foreign material

Humoral immunity

Immune response provided by development of antibodies that counteract foreign antigens

Cell-mediated immunity

Immune response in which cells such as phagocytes and T-cells provide defense against abnormal cells, transplanted tissues and organs, and intracellular pathogens; immunity provided by special cells in contrast to humoral immunity that is provided by antibodies

B cell

Lymphocyte that provides humoral immunity

T cell

Lymphocyte that provides cell-mediated immunity

Helper T cells

Cells that stimulate antibody production by plasma cells, increase phagocytosis, and stimulate cytotoxic T cells and natural killer cells

Cytotoxic T cells

Cells that recognize and eliminate infected and abnormal cells

IgG

Principal component of the primary and secondary response to an antigen. Crosses the placenta and protects the fetus. Activates complement

IgM

First antibody produced in the primary response to the antigen. Activates the complement

IgA

Protects mucosal surfaces by interfering with the ability of pathogens to adhere to cells

IgE

Stimulates release of histamine and other chemicals that mediate inflammation and allergic responses

IgD

Activates B cells

Autoimmunity

Development of antibodies, called auto antibodies, to one's own tissues or self antigens

Autoantibodies

antibodies produced by the immune system against the individual's own tissue, cells, or cell components

Lupus

Chronic autoimmune disease that can affect various parts of the body, including the skin, joints, heart, lungs, blood, kidneys, and brain

Scleroderma

Chronic autoimmune disease of the connective tissue

Sjogren's Syndrome

Chronic, slowly progressive autoimmune disease that affects the exocrine (moisture-producing) glands of the body

Allergy/Hypersensitivity

Extreme immune response to an antigen

Type I hypersensitivity

Immediate, local allergy, occurring rapidly where the allergen encounters the body, excess IgE bound to mast cells causes release of histamine

Type II hypersensitivity

Cytotoxic, IgM or igG causes destruction of cells

Type III hypersensitivity

Immune-complex, antigens combining with many antibodies in the blood, forming a soluble mass of antigens and antibodies known as immune complexes, immune complexes are deposited in tissues and vessels

Type IV hypersensitivity

Delayed, they take time to develop following exposure to an allergen, chemicals release by activated T cells

Type I hypersensitivity response time and examples

15-30 mins, hay fever, hives

Type II hypersensitivity response time and examples

Minutes to hours, transfusion of an incompatible blood type, erythroblastosis fetalis

Type III hypersensitivity response time and examples

3-8 hours, Glomerulonephritis