gilded age, imperials, progressives

Vertical Integration

The practice perfected by Andrew Carnegie of controlling every step of the industrial production process in order to increase efficiency and limit competition

Horizontal Integration

The practice perfected by John D. Rockefeller of dominating a particular phase of the production process in order to monopolize a market, often by forming trusts and alliances with competitors

Social Darwinism

Idea that people gained wealth by "survival of the fittest," so the wealthy owed nothing to the poor

Panic of 1873

A worldwide depression that began in the United States when a major bank failed, causing widespread economic collapse

Gilded Age

Term for 1865-1896 coined by Mark Twain, reflecting both great wealth and widespread corruption

Political Machines

Urban political organizations that gained support by offering jobs and services in exchange for votes

Jim Crow

System of racial segregation in the South enforcing "separate but equal" facilities

Tweed Ring

Corrupt political group led by Boss Tweed that defrauded New York City

Pendleton Act (1883)

Law that created the Civil Service Commission and required government jobs be given based on merit instead of patronage

Yellow Journalism

Sensationalized news reporting used to attract readers and influence public opinion

Tenements

Overcrowded, poorly built apartment housing for urban immigrants

Settlement Houses

Community centers that provided services like education and childcare to immigrants

Homestead Act (1862)

Law giving 160 acres of land to settlers who would live on and farm it

Transcontinental Railroad

Railroad completed in 1869 connecting the East and West coasts

Dawes Act (1887)

Law that broke up Native American reservations and distributed land to individuals

Battle of Little Bighorn

1876 battle where Native American forces defeated General Custer

Populist Party

Political party representing farmers and laborers against big business interests

Mechanization of Agriculture

Use of machines to increase farm production and efficiency

Gold Standard Act

Law requiring paper money to be backed by gold

Cross of Gold Speech

Speech by William Jennings Bryan supporting silver currency and criticizing the gold standard

Grandfather Clause

Law allowing poor white men to vote while preventing most Black men from voting

Initiative

Citizens can propose laws directly on the ballot

Referendum

Voters approve or reject a law

Recall

Process allowing voters to remove elected officials

Direct Primary

Voters directly choose party candidates

Secret Ballot

Voting system where votes are kept private

17th Amendment

Established direct election of U.S. Senators

Muckrakers

Journalists who exposed corruption and social issues

Tenement House

Crowded urban housing targeted for reform

Political Machine

Organization that controlled politics through corruption and vote manipulation

Square Deal

Theodore Roosevelt's program focused on conservation, controlling corporations, and consumer protection

Conservation

Protecting and managing natural resources

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

First law to outlaw monopolies

Clayton Anti-Trust Act

Strengthened antitrust laws and banned unfair business practices

Federal Reserve Act

Created the Federal Reserve banking system

Meat Inspection Act

Required federal inspection of meat products

Prohibition

Movement to ban alcohol

18th Amendment

Banned production, sale, and transport of alcohol

Workmen's Compensation Acts

Laws requiring employers to compensate injured workers

16th Amendment

Allowed federal income tax

19th Amendment

Granted women the right to vote

Big Sister Policy

Policy encouraging Latin American support for U.S. leadership and trade

Great Rapprochement

Improved relations between the U.S. and Great Britain

McKinley Tariff

Tariff that raised duties and encouraged annexation of Hawaii

USS Maine

U.S. ship explosion in Cuba that helped spark the Spanish-American War

Spanish-American War

War between the U.S. and Spain over Cuba's independence

Philippine-American War

War between the U.S. and Filipino rebels after the U.S. took control of the Philippines

Platt Amendment

Limited Cuba's independence and allowed U.S. intervention

Panama Canal

Canal completed in 1914 connecting Atlantic and Pacific oceans

Anti-Imperialist League

Group opposing U.S. expansion overseas

Big Stick Diplomacy

Roosevelt's policy of using military strength to influence other nations

Roosevelt Corollary

Policy allowing U.S. intervention in Latin America

Open Door Notes

Policy promoting equal trade access in China

Great White Fleet

U.S. naval fleet sent around the world to show power

Treaty of Paris 1898

Treaty ending the Spanish-American War and giving the U.S. new territories

Foraker Act

Established limited self-government in Puerto Rico

Teller Amendment

Promised the U.S. would not control Cuba after the war

Insular Cases

Supreme Court cases stating constitutional rights didn't fully apply in new territories

Hay-Pauncefote Treaty

Allowed U.S. to build the Panama Canal

Root-Takahira Agreement

U.S. and Japan agreement to respect territories and Open Door Policy

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