Vet Tech Chapter 7

Functions of the urinary system

1. remove waste by filtering blood
2. maintain homeostasis
3. remove excess fluid
4. hormone production (erythropoietin)

Homeostasis

to maintain a balanced or constant internal environment by proper water, electrolyte and acid balance.

Erythropoietin

A hormone produced and released by the kidney that stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.

retroperitoneal

located behind the peritoneum

hilus

concave depression where blood vessels, nerves, and the ureter attach

renal cortex

outer region of the kidney

renal medulla

inner portion of the kidney

2 organs that filter blood

liver and kidney

nephron

functional unit of the kidney

Urine is formed by three processes.

filtration, reabsorption and secretion

renal pelvis

funnel-shaped reservoir that collects the urine and passes it to the ureter

calyces

cup-shaped structures that funnel urine towards the renal pelvis

glomerulus

A ball of capillaries surrounded by Bowman's capsule in the nephron and serving as the site of filtration in the kidney.

Bowman's capsule

cup-shaped structure of the nephron of a kidney which encloses the glomerulus and collects filtered fluid

Proximal convoluted tubules

hollow tubes involved in reabsorption

Loop of Henle

U shaped turn in tubule that is involved in reabsorption

distal convoluted tubules

hollow tubes located between the loops of Henle and the collecting tubules that are involved in secretion

collecting tubules

hollow tubes that carry urine from the cortex to the renal pelvis

ureters

The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

urinary bladder

hollow, muscular sac that holds and stores urine

urethra

tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body

uropoiesis

process of urine production

urochrome

pigment that gives urine the normal yellow color

Cystocentesis

surgical puncture of the urinary bladder, usually to collect urine

cystography

radiographic study of the urinary bladder after contrast material has been placed in the urinary bladder via a urinary catheter.

cystogram

radiographic image of the bladder after contrast media has been placed in the bladder

cystoscopy

visual examination of the urinary bladder using a fiberoptic instrument

cystoscope

fiberoptic instrument used to access the interior of the urinary bladder

intravenous pyelogram

radiographic study of the kidneys and ureters in which iodine is injected into a vein as a contrast medium to define these structures more clearly

pneumocystography

radiographic study of the urinary bladder after air has been placed in the bladder via a urethral catheter

urinalysis

examination of urine components

urinary catheterization

insertion of a tube through the urethra into the bladder

albinuria

presence of the major blood protein in urine

anuria

complete suppression of urine production

bacteriuria

presence of bacteria in urine

Crystalluria

urine with naturally produced angular solid of definitive form (crystals)

dysuria

painful or difficult urination

glucosuria

glucose (sugar) in the urine

hematuria

blood in the urine

ketonuria

presence of ketone in the urine

nocturia

excessive urination at night

oliguria

scanty or little urine

pollakiuria

frequent urination

polyuria

excessive urination

proteinuria

presence of protein in urine

pyuria

pus in the urine

stranguria

slow or painful urination

azotemia

presence of urea or other nitrogenous elements in the blood

calculus

abnormal mineral deposit

crystals

naturally produced angular solid of definitive form

cystalgia

urinary bladder pain

FLUTD

feline lower urinary tract disease

glomerulonephritis

form of kidney involving the glomeruli

hydronephrosis

dilation of the renal pelvis as a result of an obstruction to urine flow

hydroureter

distention of the ureter with urine caused by any blockage

incontinence

inability to control excretory functions

-lithiasis

presence of stones or calculi

nephritis

inflammation of the kidney

nephrolith

kidney stone or renal calculus

nephromalacia

abnormal softening of the kidney

nephropathy

disease of the kidney

nephrosclerosis

abnormal hardening of the kidney

nephrosis

abnormal condition of the kidney

Prerenal

before the kidney

Postrenal

after the kidney

Pylonephritis

infection of the kidney and renal pelvis

renal failure

inability of the kidneys to function

acute

occurring suddenly

chronic

continuing for a long time

nephrotoxin

poison having destructive effects on the kidneys

polydipsia

excessive thirst

diuresis

elevated excretion of urine

Diuretics

drugs that increase urine production

uremia

waste products in the blood

ureterolith

stone in the ureter

urethritis

inflammation of the urethra

urinary tract infection

invasion of microorganisms in the urinary system

urolith

urinary bladder stone

cystolith

urinary bladder stone

cystectomy

the surgical removal of all or part of the urinary bladder

cystopexy

surgical fixation of the urinary bladder

cystoplasty

surgical repair of the urinary bladder

cystostomy

surgical creation of a new opening between the skin and urinary bladder

cystotomy

incision into the urinary bladder

dialysis

a procedure to remove waste products from the blood of patients whose kidneys no longer function

lithrotripsy

destruction of stone using ultrasonic waves traveling through water

nephrectomy

surgical removal of a kidney

nephropexy

surgical fixation of a kidney to the abdominal wall

nephrotomy

surgical incision into the kidney

ureterectomy

the surgical removal of a ureter

ureteroplasty

surgical repair of a ureter

urethrostomy

surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin

perineal urethrostomy

surgical creation of a permanent opening between the urethra and the skin between the anus and scrotum

ADH

antidiuretic hormone

ARF

acute renal failure

BUN

blood urea nitrogen

cath

catheter

CRF

chronic renal failure

FUS

feline urologic syndrome

IVP

intravenous pyelogram