Make it Stick Deck 2

Massed practice

Studying information repeatedly over a short time; leads to quick forgetting.

Desirable difficulties

Challenges that initially make learning harder but lead to stronger, longer-lasting learning.

Elaboration

Making connections to deepen understanding of new information.

Mental model

A mental representation of external reality that integrates knowledge and skills.

Generation effect

The phenomenon where actively producing information leads to better memory retention.

Spaced practice

Enhances memory consolidation by spacing out study sessions.

Illusions of knowing

Overestimating one’s understanding, leading to ineffective study habits.

Interleaving

Practicing different skills or subjects in a mixed order to improve learning.

Retrieval practice

Regularly testing your recall of information to enhance learning.

Mnemonic device

A memory aid that creates a memorable connection between facts.

Key components of effective learning

Retrieval practice, spaced practice, interleaving, elaboration, and desirable difficulties.

Misconceptions about learning

Common myths challenged include the efficacy of rereading and the learning styles myth.

Benefits of retrieval practice

Improved memory retention, reduced forgetting, and identification of knowledge gaps.

Ways to incorporate desirable difficulties

Vary practice conditions, use testing as a learning tool, and encourage elaboration.

Cramming

An example of massed practice, studying intensively just before a test.

Active learning

Involves engaging with material actively rather than passively receiving it.

Feedback delay

A desirable difficulty where feedback is given after a struggle to promote deeper learning.

Long-term memory

The phase of memory where information is stored for a long period.

Neural connections

Associations formed in the brain that strengthen through practice and learning.

Practice conditions

The environment and methods used during the learning process that can enhance or impede learning.