Year 2026 Science Revision - Metals, Acids, and Chemical Bonding

Flashcards covering the extraction of metals, acids and bases, chemical equations, and the Haber process based on the lecture notes.

How is Aluminium extracted from its ore?

Electrolysis is the only process that can extract Aluminium from its ore.

What are the electrodes used in electrolysis typically made of?

Graphite.

At which electrode does Aluminium form during electrolysis?

The cathode.

At which electrode does Oxygen form during the extraction of Aluminium?

The anode.

How does the reactivity of Aluminium and Magnesium compare to Carbon?

Both Aluminium and Magnesium are more reactive than Carbon.

Why can Carbon be used to displace Copper and Zinc?

Copper and Zinc are less reactive than Carbon.

What are the charges of metal and non-metal ions?

Metals are always positive and non-metals are always negative.

What is the product of the Haber process?

Ammonia.

What is the source of Nitrogen and Hydrogen for the Haber process?

Nitrogen is obtained from the atmosphere, and Hydrogen is obtained from steam.

What are the specific conditions required for the Haber process?

A temperature of $400-450^\text{o}C$, a pressure of $200\text{ ATM}$, and an iron catalyst.

What does the term 'Dynamic Equilibrium' mean?

The backwards and forwards reaction happening at the same time.

What is the general equation for the reaction between a metal carbonate and an acid?

$$\text{Metal carbonate} + \text{acid} \rightarrow \text{salt} + \text{water} + \text{carbon dioxide}$$

What happens to the color of phenolphthalein when an alkali is added?

The colour changes to fuchsia pink.

What are the composition and charge of a carbonate ion?

It is made of $1$ carbon and $3$ oxygen atoms, and has a charge of $-2$.

What is the charge of a Zinc ion?

$$+2$$

What are the products of a neutralisation reaction?

$\text{Acid} + \text{Base} \rightarrow \text{Salt} + \text{Water}$ ($pH\text{ }7$ and green using a universal indicator).

How is 'insoluble' defined?

Something that cannot dissolve in water.

What is the value of 1 mole (Avogadro's constant)?

$$6.02 \times 10^{23}$$

What is the standard unit (SI) for 'moles'?

mole

What is the mass of $1\text{ mol}$ of oxygen?

$$32$$

What is the $M_r$ of $CO_2$?

$$44$$

What is 'Conservation of mass'?

Atoms that cannot be made or destroyed.

Define 'empirical formula'.

The simplest whole number ratio of atoms in a compound.

Define 'molecular formula' and provide an example.

It tells us the actual amount of atoms in a compound; for example, $CH_4$ is the molecular formula for methane.

What observations are made when Magnesium reacts with copper sulphate?

It starts to change colour and there is fizzing and bubbling.

According to the student notes, which electrode does Lead go to?

The positive electrode.

According to the student notes, which electrode does Bromide go to?

The negative electrode.

What is the chemical symbol for sodium chloride?

NaCL

Which acid is required to make copper nitrate?

Nitric acid.

What are the salt name suffixes for Hydrochloric, Sulphuric, and Nitric acids?

Hydrochloric = chloride; Sulphuric = sulphate; Nitric = nitrate.