10. Cities and Urbanisation

vertical farm /ˈvɜːtɪkl fɑːm/ (n)

nông trại thẳng đứng (mô hình trồng cây trong các tòa nhà nhiều tầng). Ex: (1) The city built a vertical farm to produce fresh vegetables. (2) Vertical farms can save space in crowded urban areas. (3) Many experts believe vertical farms will support sustainable food production.

urban dweller /ˈɜːbən ˈdwelə(r)/ (n)

người sống ở đô thị. Ex: (1) Urban dwellers often use public transport. (2) Many urban dwellers prefer living close to their workplaces. (3) Urban dwellers usually have better access to public services.

urban sprawl /ˌɜːbən ˈsprɔːl/ (n)

sự mở rộng đô thị không kiểm soát. Ex: (1) Urban sprawl has increased in recent years. (2) Urban sprawl often reduces agricultural land. (3) Governments are trying to manage urban sprawl more effectively.

living wage /ˈlɪvɪŋ weɪdʒ/ (n)

mức lương đủ sống. Ex: (1) Workers deserve a living wage. (2) A living wage helps families meet their basic needs. (3) Many organizations campaign for a higher living wage.

densely populated /ˌdensli ˈpɒpjuleɪtɪd/ (adj)

có mật độ dân số cao. Ex: (1) This is a densely populated city. (2) Densely populated areas often face traffic problems. (3) Housing can be expensive in densely populated regions.

scarcity /ˈskeəsəti/ (n)

sự khan hiếm. Ex: (1) Water scarcity is becoming a serious issue. (2) Scarcity of housing affects many large cities. (3) Resource scarcity can slow economic development.

abundance /əˈbʌndəns/ (n)

sự dồi dào. Ex: (1) The area has an abundance of parks. (2) There is an abundance of job opportunities in the city. (3) The abundance of resources attracts new businesses.

waste management /weɪst ˈmænɪdʒmənt/ (n)

quản lý chất thải. Ex: (1) Waste management is important for cities. (2) Effective waste management helps reduce pollution. (3) The government invested in modern waste management systems.

migrate /maɪˈɡreɪt/ (v)

di cư. Ex: (1) Many people migrate to cities for work. (2) Families often migrate in search of better opportunities. (3) Young adults are more likely to migrate to urban areas.

locate /ləʊˈkeɪt/ (v)

xác định vị trí; đặt tại. Ex: (1) We located the building on the map. (2) The company decided to locate its office downtown. (3) It was difficult to locate the source of the problem.

living standard /ˈlɪvɪŋ ˈstændəd/ (n)

mức sống. Ex: (1) Their living standard has improved. (2) Economic growth can raise living standards. (3) Access to education contributes to a higher living standard.

slum /slʌm/ (n)

khu ổ chuột. Ex: (1) Some families live in slums. (2) The government plans to improve conditions in the slum. (3) Rapid urbanization can lead to the growth of slums.

cycle lane /ˈsaɪkl leɪn/ (n)

làn đường dành cho xe đạp. Ex: (1) I ride in the cycle lane every day. (2) The city built more cycle lanes to encourage cycling. (3) Cycle lanes make urban transport safer and greener.

non-renewable /ˌnɒn rɪˈnjuːəbl/ (adj)

không tái tạo được. Ex: (1) Coal is a non-renewable resource. (2) Many countries depend on non-renewable energy sources. (3) Reducing the use of non-renewable fuels is important.

suburban /səˈbɜːbən/ (adj)

thuộc vùng ngoại ô. Ex: (1) They live in a suburban area. (2) Suburban neighborhoods are often quieter than city centers. (3) Many families move to suburban communities for more space.

citizen /ˈsɪtɪzn/ (n)

công dân. Ex: (1) Every citizen has rights and responsibilities. (2) Citizens are encouraged to participate in local events. (3) Responsible citizens help build stronger communities.

relaxation /ˌriːlækˈseɪʃn/ (n)

sự thư giãn. Ex: (1) Reading is a form of relaxation. (2) Parks provide opportunities for relaxation. (3) People need relaxation after a busy workday.

immigrant /ˈɪmɪɡrənt/ (n)

người nhập cư. Ex: (1) The immigrant found a new job. (2) Many immigrants contribute to the local economy. (3) Immigrants often bring valuable skills and experience.

unstable /ʌnˈsteɪbl/ (adj)

không ổn định. Ex: (1) The weather is unstable. (2) An unstable economy can affect employment. (3) Housing prices remain unstable in some cities.

population growth /ˌpɒpjəˈleɪʃn ɡrəʊθ/ (n)

sự gia tăng dân số. Ex: (1) Population growth is rapid. (2) Population growth creates demand for housing. (3) Governments must plan carefully for population growth.

skybridge /ˈskaɪbrɪdʒ/ (n)

cầu nối trên cao giữa các tòa nhà. Ex: (1) The buildings are connected by a skybridge. (2) The skybridge allows people to cross safely. (3) Modern developments often include skybridges for convenience.

planning /ˈplænɪŋ/ (n)

sự quy hoạch; lập kế hoạch. Ex: (1) Good planning is essential. (2) Urban planning helps cities develop efficiently. (3) Careful planning can reduce future infrastructure problems.

adopt /əˈdɒpt/ (v)

áp dụng; chấp nhận. Ex: (1) The school adopted a new policy. (2) Many cities adopt environmentally friendly solutions. (3) Businesses are adopting new technologies rapidly.

public transportation /ˌpʌblɪk ˌtrænspɔːˈteɪʃn/ (n)

giao thông công cộng. Ex: (1) I use public transportation every day. (2) Public transportation reduces traffic congestion. (3) Reliable public transportation improves urban mobility.

be located /biː ləʊˈkeɪtɪd/ (phr)

được đặt tại. Ex: (1) The museum is located near the river. (2) The office is located in the city center. (3) Many factories are located outside urban areas.

be well-known for /biː wel nəʊn fɔː(r)/ (phr)

nổi tiếng về. Ex: (1) The city is well-known for its food. (2) The region is well-known for beautiful landscapes. (3) Singapore is well-known for its efficient public transport.

keep up with /kiːp ʌp wɪð/ (phr v)

theo kịp. Ex: (1) I can't keep up with the news. (2) Cities must keep up with population growth. (3) Businesses need to keep up with technological changes.

reduction /rɪˈdʌkʃn/ (n)

sự giảm bớt. Ex: (1) There was a reduction in waste. (2) The policy led to a reduction in pollution. (3) A reduction in traffic improved air quality.

earnings /ˈɜːnɪŋz/ (n)

thu nhập. Ex: (1) His earnings increased last year. (2) Many workers rely on stable earnings. (3) Higher earnings can improve living conditions.

revenue /ˈrevənjuː/ (n)

doanh thu. Ex: (1) The company reported high revenue. (2) Tourism generates revenue for the city. (3) Government revenue supports public services.

progressive /prəˈɡresɪv/ (adj)

tiến bộ; cải cách. Ex: (1) They support progressive policies. (2) The city adopted a progressive approach to housing. (3) Progressive reforms improved public welfare.

steadily /ˈstedɪli/ (adv)

đều đặn, ổn định. Ex: (1) Prices rose steadily. (2) The population has grown steadily for years. (3) Employment rates are improving steadily.

increasingly /ɪnˈkriːsɪŋli/ (adv)

ngày càng. Ex: (1) People are increasingly concerned about pollution. (2) Cities are increasingly investing in green spaces. (3) Public transport is becoming increasingly popular.

panorama /ˌpænəˈrɑːmə/ (n)

cảnh toàn cảnh. Ex: (1) The hill offers a beautiful panorama. (2) We enjoyed a panorama of the city skyline. (3) The tower provides a breathtaking panorama of the region.

populated /ˈpɒpjuleɪtɪd/ (adj)

có dân cư sinh sống. Ex: (1) The island is densely populated. (2) This area is heavily populated. (3) Some regions are less populated than others.

deficit /ˈdefɪsɪt/ (n)

sự thiếu hụt. Ex: (1) The country faces a budget deficit. (2) A housing deficit affects many urban residents. (3) Water deficits can occur during dry seasons.

surplus /ˈsɜːpləs/ (n)

sự dư thừa. Ex: (1) The farm produced a surplus. (2) The city has a surplus of office space. (3) Energy surplus can be exported to neighboring regions.

plenty /ˈplenti/ (n)

sự phong phú, số lượng lớn. Ex: (1) There is plenty of food. (2) The city offers plenty of entertainment options. (3) Residents have plenty of opportunities for education.

ghetto /ˈɡetəʊ/ (n)

khu dân cư nghèo hoặc bị tách biệt. Ex: (1) He grew up in a ghetto. (2) The area was once considered a ghetto. (3) Community programs aim to improve conditions in ghettos.

gridlock /ˈɡrɪdlɒk/ (n)

tắc nghẽn giao thông nghiêm trọng. Ex: (1) The accident caused gridlock. (2) Morning gridlock affects thousands of commuters. (3) Better planning can help reduce gridlock.

upright /ˈʌpraɪt/ (adj)

thẳng đứng. Ex: (1) Keep the bottle upright. (2) The poles remained upright during the storm. (3) The sculpture stands upright in the square.

perpendicular /ˌpɜːpənˈdɪkjələ(r)/ (adj)

vuông góc. Ex: (1) The two lines are perpendicular. (2) The wall is perpendicular to the road. (3) Architects used perpendicular structures in the design.

embellish /ɪmˈbelɪʃ/ (v)

trang trí, làm đẹp thêm. Ex: (1) They embellished the room with flowers. (2) The artist embellished the building's entrance. (3) Parks embellish the appearance of urban areas.

defilement /dɪˈfaɪlmənt/ (n)

sự làm ô nhiễm hoặc hủy hoại. Ex: (1) The river suffered defilement. (2) Environmental groups oppose the defilement of natural areas. (3) Industrial waste caused severe defilement of the lake.

purity /ˈpjʊərəti/ (n)

sự tinh khiết. Ex: (1) The water has high purity. (2) Scientists tested the purity of the air samples. (3) Environmental policies aim to maintain water purity.

sluggish /ˈslʌɡɪʃ/ (adj)

chậm chạp, trì trệ. Ex: (1) The economy is sluggish. (2) Traffic becomes sluggish during peak hours. (3) A sluggish recovery affected local businesses.

ruralisation /ˌrʊərəlaɪˈzeɪʃn/ (n)

sự chuyển dịch từ đô thị về nông thôn. Ex: (1) Ruralisation is uncommon in many countries. (2) Some experts predict ruralisation due to remote work. (3) Ruralisation may reduce pressure on major cities.

bring back something /brɪŋ bæk ˈsʌmθɪŋ/ (phr v)

khôi phục hoặc mang trở lại điều gì. Ex: (1) The project brought back old traditions. (2) The city hopes to bring back green spaces. (3) New policies may bring back economic growth.

integrate into something /ˈɪntɪɡreɪt ˈɪntuː ˈsʌmθɪŋ/ (phr v)

hòa nhập vào một môi trường hoặc hệ thống. Ex: (1) She integrated into the community quickly. (2) Immigrants often integrate into local society over time. (3) New technology can be integrated into existing infrastructure.

survive on something /səˈvaɪv ɒn ˈsʌmθɪŋ/ (phr v)

sống dựa vào một nguồn nào đó. Ex: (1) They survive on a small income. (2) Many families survive on agricultural earnings. (3) Some businesses struggle to survive on limited revenue.

major /ˈmeɪdʒə(r)/ (adj)

chủ yếu, quan trọng, lớn. Ex: (1) Traffic is a major problem in the city. (2) The project had a major impact on urban development. (3) Housing remains a major concern for local authorities.

significant /sɪɡˈnɪfɪkənt/ (adj)

đáng kể, quan trọng. Ex: (1) There was a significant increase in population. (2) The city has made significant progress in public transport. (3) Urbanization has significant effects on the environment.

minor /ˈmaɪnə(r)/ (adj)

nhỏ, không đáng kể. Ex: (1) The road suffered minor damage. (2) There were only minor changes to the plan. (3) The issue caused minor delays in construction.

architecture /ˈɑːkɪtektʃə(r)/ (n)

kiến trúc. Ex: (1) The city is famous for its architecture. (2) Modern architecture often focuses on sustainability. (3) Tourists admire the architecture of historic buildings.

vibrant /ˈvaɪbrənt/ (adj)

sôi động, đầy sức sống. Ex: (1) It is a vibrant neighborhood. (2) The city has a vibrant cultural scene. (3) Vibrant communities attract both residents and visitors.

dynamic /daɪˈnæmɪk/ (adj)

năng động, luôn thay đổi. Ex: (1) She works in a dynamic environment. (2) The city has a dynamic economy. (3) Dynamic urban centers create many opportunities.

unwelcoming /ʌnˈwelkəmɪŋ/ (adj)

không thân thiện, không chào đón. Ex: (1) The building looks unwelcoming. (2) Some newcomers find large cities unwelcoming at first. (3) Poor public spaces can make an area feel unwelcoming.

lively /ˈlaɪvli/ (adj)

sôi nổi, nhộn nhịp. Ex: (1) The market is lively. (2) The city center becomes lively at night. (3) Lively public spaces encourage social interaction.

rhythm /ˈrɪðəm/ (n)

nhịp điệu, nhịp sống. Ex: (1) I enjoy the rhythm of city life. (2) Everyone adapts to the rhythm of urban living. (3) The fast rhythm of the city can be exhausting.

charm /tʃɑːm/ (n)

vẻ hấp dẫn, sức hút. Ex: (1) The town has great charm. (2) Old buildings add charm to the neighborhood. (3) The city's unique charm attracts many tourists.

concrete /ˈkɒŋkriːt/ (n)

bê tông. Ex: (1) The road is made of concrete. (2) Concrete is widely used in urban construction. (3) Excessive use of concrete can reduce green spaces.

cement /sɪˈment/ (n)

xi măng. Ex: (1) Workers mixed cement for the wall. (2) Cement is an important construction material. (3) The demand for cement rises with urban expansion.

uniformity /ˌjuːnɪˈfɔːməti/ (n)

sự đồng nhất. Ex: (1) The houses show uniformity in design. (2) Uniformity can make neighborhoods look organized. (3) Too much uniformity may reduce a city's character.

deficit /ˈdefɪsɪt/ (n)

sự thiếu hụt. Ex: (1) The city faces a housing deficit. (2) Water deficits can affect urban residents. (3) A budget deficit may delay infrastructure projects.

frustration /frʌˈstreɪʃn/ (n)

sự thất vọng, bực bội. Ex: (1) Traffic causes frustration. (2) Long commutes often lead to frustration among workers. (3) Residents expressed frustration about rising costs.

suffocate /ˈsʌfəkeɪt/ (v)

làm ngạt thở; bóp nghẹt. Ex: (1) Smoke can suffocate people. (2) Air pollution may suffocate vulnerable residents. (3) Excessive regulations can suffocate business growth.

choke /tʃəʊk/ (v)

làm nghẹt, làm tắc. Ex: (1) Waste choked the river. (2) Heavy traffic can choke city streets. (3) Rapid growth may choke existing infrastructure.

stifle /ˈstaɪfl/ (v)

kìm hãm, cản trở. Ex: (1) The rules stifled creativity. (2) High living costs can stifle economic mobility. (3) Overcrowding may stifle urban development.

welfare /ˈwelfeə(r)/ (n)

phúc lợi. Ex: (1) The government improved welfare services. (2) Welfare programs support low-income families. (3) Public welfare is a priority in many cities.

well-being /ˌwel ˈbiːɪŋ/ (n)

sức khỏe và hạnh phúc. Ex: (1) Exercise improves well-being. (2) Parks contribute to residents' well-being. (3) Good housing is important for overall well-being.

grow into /ɡrəʊ ˈɪntuː/ (phr v)

phát triển thành. Ex: (1) The village grew into a town. (2) The area has grown into a business center. (3) Small settlements can grow into major cities.

hand in hand /ˌhænd ɪn ˈhænd/ (phr)

song hành, đi đôi với nhau. Ex: (1) Success goes hand in hand with effort. (2) Economic growth often goes hand in hand with urbanization. (3) Development should go hand in hand with environmental protection.

seem to /siːm tuː/ (phr v)

dường như. Ex: (1) The city seems to be growing. (2) Housing prices seem to be increasing. (3) Urban problems seem to affect more people each year.

walk into /wɔːk ˈɪntuː/ (phr v)

bước vào. Ex: (1) She walked into the building. (2) Tourists walked into the museum. (3) He walked into a crowded train station.

exorbitant /ɪɡˈzɔːbɪtənt/ (adj)

quá cao, quá mức. Ex: (1) The rent is exorbitant. (2) Many residents complain about exorbitant housing prices. (3) Exorbitant costs make city living difficult for some families.

constant /ˈkɒnstənt/ (adj)

liên tục, không ngừng. Ex: (1) There is constant noise outside. (2) The city experiences constant population growth. (3) Constant demand puts pressure on public services.

deepen /ˈdiːpən/ (v)

làm sâu sắc hơn, làm trầm trọng hơn. Ex: (1) The discussion deepened my understanding. (2) Rising costs may deepen social inequality. (3) Economic problems can deepen urban poverty.

intensify /ɪnˈtensɪfaɪ/ (v)

tăng cường, làm trầm trọng hơn. Ex: (1) The rain intensified quickly. (2) Population growth can intensify traffic congestion. (3) Climate change may intensify urban challenges.

dominant /ˈdɒmɪnənt/ (adj)

chiếm ưu thế. Ex: (1) English is a dominant language. (2) The service sector is dominant in the city. (3) High-rise buildings are the dominant feature of the skyline.

shrinkage /ˈʃrɪŋkɪdʒ/ (n)

sự thu hẹp. Ex: (1) The company experienced shrinkage. (2) The shrinkage of green areas concerns residents. (3) Population shrinkage affects some rural communities.

contraction /kənˈtrækʃn/ (n)

sự co lại, thu hẹp. Ex: (1) The economy entered a contraction. (2) Urban contraction can affect local businesses. (3) The contraction of public services caused concern.

gradual /ˈɡrædʒuəl/ (adj)

dần dần. Ex: (1) The change was gradual. (2) There has been a gradual increase in population. (3) Urban transformation is often a gradual process.

inevitable /ɪnˈevɪtəbl/ (adj)

không thể tránh khỏi. Ex: (1) Change is inevitable. (2) Some level of urban growth is inevitable. (3) Increased demand is an inevitable result of population expansion.

detrimental /ˌdetrɪˈmentl/ (adj)

có hại. Ex: (1) Smoking is detrimental to health. (2) Excessive pollution is detrimental to urban life. (3) Detrimental environmental effects require urgent action.

unavoidable /ˌʌnəˈvɔɪdəbl/ (adj)

không thể tránh được. Ex: (1) The delay was unavoidable. (2) Some traffic congestion is unavoidable in large cities. (3) Urban expansion creates unavoidable challenges.

inflow /ˈɪnfləʊ/ (n)

dòng chảy vào, sự đổ vào. Ex: (1) There was an inflow of workers. (2) The city experienced an inflow of migrants. (3) A steady inflow of investment boosted development.

influx /ˈɪnflʌks/ (n)

sự đổ vào ồ ạt. Ex: (1) The town saw an influx of tourists. (2) An influx of newcomers increased housing demand. (3) The city struggled to accommodate the sudden influx of people.

outflow /ˈaʊtfləʊ/ (n)

dòng chảy ra, sự rời đi. Ex: (1) There was an outflow of money. (2) The region experienced an outflow of skilled workers. (3) Population outflow affected local businesses.

escalate /ˈeskəleɪt/ (v)

gia tăng, leo thang. Ex: (1) Costs escalated quickly. (2) Housing prices continue to escalate. (3) Traffic problems may escalate without proper planning.

migration /maɪˈɡreɪʃn/ (n)

sự di cư. Ex: (1) Migration affects many cities. (2) Rural-to-urban migration is increasing. (3) Migration contributes to population growth.

newcomer /ˈnjuːkʌmə(r)/ (n)

người mới đến. Ex: (1) She is a newcomer to the city. (2) Newcomers often need time to adjust. (3) Community programs help newcomers integrate.

outgrow /ˌaʊtˈɡrəʊ/ (v)

vượt quá khả năng đáp ứng của. Ex: (1) The child outgrew his clothes. (2) The city has outgrown its transport system. (3) Rapid growth may cause a town to outgrow existing infrastructure.

settlement /ˈsetlmənt/ (n)

khu định cư. Ex: (1) The settlement is near the river. (2) Early settlements developed around trade routes. (3) The government supported the development of new settlements.

sustainability /səˌsteɪnəˈbɪləti/ (n)

tính bền vững. Ex: (1) Sustainability is important. (2) Cities are focusing more on sustainability. (3) Sustainable planning supports long-term sustainability.

flourish /ˈflʌrɪʃ/ (v)

phát triển mạnh. Ex: (1) Small businesses can flourish here. (2) The local economy flourished after new investments. (3) Communities flourish when residents are actively involved.

prosper /ˈprɒspə(r)/ (v)

thịnh vượng, phát đạt. Ex: (1) The business prospered. (2) Cities prosper when they attract investment. (3) The region prospered due to economic growth.

transformation /ˌtrænsfəˈmeɪʃn/ (n)

sự chuyển đổi, biến đổi. Ex: (1) The area underwent a transformation. (2) Urban transformation improved local infrastructure. (3) Technology has driven major transformation in cities.

well-designed /ˌwel dɪˈzaɪnd/ (adj)

được thiết kế tốt. Ex: (1) The building is well-designed. (2) A well-designed park attracts many visitors. (3) Well-designed transport systems improve mobility.

filled with /fɪld wɪð/ (adj phr)

đầy ắp. Ex: (1) The room is filled with light. (2) The streets are filled with people. (3) The city is filled with opportunities for young professionals.

go hand in hand with /ɡəʊ hænd ɪn hænd wɪð/ (phr)

đi đôi với. Ex: (1) Success goes hand in hand with effort. (2) Urban growth often goes hand in hand with economic development. (3) Sustainability should go hand in hand with modernization.