Unit 7 FULL

“De Jure” Segregation

Segregation by law.

Example : the “Jim Crow Laws” were laws that separated black and white people in the South during the late 1800-1900s.

For example Blacks and whites were forced to have different schools, places to hang out, even separate water fountains

“De Facto” Segregation

Segregations that happens because of some social situation and not related to the law.

For example - Even though segregation was banned in 1968, white people still all moved to the suburbs because they didn’t want to live with black people. (it ended up segregating the 2 groups since they were living apart)

Brown v. Board of Education

Supreme court decision that de-segregated public schools and decided that the decision from Plessy v. Fergusson (“Separate but Equal”) was untrue and unconstitutional.

Black kids and white kids allowed to go to same school.

Mexican Repatriation

During the Great Depression, the U.S. made this program which deported around 300,000 to 2,000,000 Mexican citizens, or Americans with Mexican family members, back to Mexico.

Zoot Suit Riots

In LA for 10 days, U.S. soldiers attacked young Mexican Americans who were wearing these baggy “zoot suits”

They would rip off their suits and beat them up

The young Mexicans fought back and many people were put in the hospital

Japanese Incarceration

After pearl harbor, the president was worried that Japanese people living in America had helped plan the attack.

He issued “Executive Order 9066” which forced more than 120,000 Japanese Americans on the west coast into camps.

Lavender Scare

The government believed in the 1940s that LGBTQ+ people were weak and easy to blackmail, so they targeted and fired them from their jobs in the government.

Executive Order 10450

Banned gays from working in the government since they were a “security risk”

from 1953-1993

Freedom Riders

Group of civil rights activists (black people) who rode on segregated public transportation to protest in 1961.

They sat in the whites only section and most of time got into very big trouble or got arrested for resisting

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Banned discrimination in public places

Voting Rights Act of 1965

banned discrimination based on race in voting. All colored people could vote.

Black panthers

A group of civil rights activists that were inspired by the teachings of malcom x and tried to fight against violence and discrimination towards black people.

One of the methods that the used was patrolling the neighborhood with loaded weapons to make sure that the police were treating people fairly

They were not afraid to use violence

This groups existance was so problematic that they were even targeted by the FBI to shut down

2nd Wave of Femenism

1960’s and 1970’s womens right movement

Aimed at ending workplace, educational, social, and political discrimination for women.

One of the primary goals was to achieve equal paying jobs

Betty Friedan

Author of “The Feminine Mystique” helped to found the NOW (National Organization for Women)

she was a leading figure in the second wave of the femenist movement.

Believed that women were trapped in domestic life and didnt have to find purpose by only being a housewife

Argued that women were as capable as men in all professional careers and public life

The Feminine Mystique

A book by Betty Friedan that challenged the typical idea that women’s only purpose in life was to serve the husband and take care of the home.

Suggested that woman were made for more than being a housewife, can be independent and should earn the same rights as men at the time

National Organization of Women (NOW)

Organization that aimed to promote feminist ideals, lead social change, eliminate discrimination, and achieve equal rights for women.

they aimed to enforce the civil rights act of 1964, which didnt allow discrimination in jobs anymore.

They not only want women to have equal rights in the workplace, but wanted them to stand out and challenge the traditional ideas about their role in the family

Equal Rights Amendment
- Phyllis Schlafly

Banned discrimination between gender,, - between women and men.

all men and women were equally protected in the constitution

phyllis shlafly was a woman who argued AGAINST the equal rights ammendment, and she argued against feminism, gay rights, abortion etc…

She believed this because she thought the new movements would tear the traditional family structure apart and lose many women the protections they already had

Bracero Program

In WWII there was a shortage of workers, so the U.S. and Mexico made an agreement to have Mexican workers come over and help work on farming and the construction of railroads

Chicano Movement

The civil rights movement for Mexican Americans.

Aimed to achieve farmworker rights, education rights, political rights etc..:

Worked to fight racism, and to embrace their “chicano identity”

Didnt like the idea of assimilation… - wanted to keep their own culture and be “authentic” while still living in the united states society

LULAC (League of United Latin American Citizens)

The organization which tried to push for civil rights of latin americans.

Aim was to fight against racism, keep their strong cultural identity (being latino), and getting the same political and economic rights.

included also advocating for better workplace conditions like equal pay, no discrimination, etc…

East LA Walkouts

Protests that happened about the conditions in latin American school districts in LA.

The education system descriminated against minorities and made it so that latin american schools had under-qualified teachers and the classrooms were overcrowded

Many felt that it was unequal, so there was a huge, 15,000 person walkout in protest

This protest was a key part of the Chicano civil rights movement

American Indian Movement

the goal to recognize the treaties between native americans and the us government.

This means, trying to finally give native americans protection for their land and the sovereignty that was promised to them by the us government.

Many native americans were forced to move to cities after the government forced them to get off their land.

They faced hard conditions like unemployment, police brutality, and bad living conditions

This organization advocated for greater tribal sovereignty and cultural preservation so that they could live happily on their l

Occupation of Alcatraz

When 89 Native American activists landed on this island, and claimed it as native american land to protest against the us government policies.

This was part of the American Indian Movement and they did this since the government was forcing the native americans off of their land and to live with bad conditions in American society, when in reality they just wanted to stay in their tribal lands.

This took place in 1969, after the prison on the island was closed in 1963

Occupation of Wounded Knee

A group which was part of the AIM (American Indian Movement) took control of the town in Wounded Knee, South Dakota, as a protest to the U.S government because of the treatment of native americans.

The primary reason was that the government didnt honor its treaty to let Native Americans stay on their land even though they agreed to let them, and as a result they were forced to move away.

It happened in 1973 and lasted 71 days.

Model Minority

Model minority is a term used to describe a minority group that seems to have a better socioeconomic status.

describes a minority group that is more successful than other minority groups

An example would be asian americans.

People think they make more money and work harder, because of their cultural values.

Immigration & Nationality Act of 1965

Also known as the Hart-Celler Act

Banned discrimination policies based on ethnicity, race, and quota systems.

Basically meaning that they ended discrimination when deciding who to let into the country.

This resulted in a huge wave of asian immigrants who were previously not allowed

Stonewall Riots

Stonewell inn was a gay bar in NYC

There was a police raid that happened for no reason, and as a result, over 400 lgtbq people showed up to protest at the stonewall inn and pushed the police away.

Key moment for the gay rights movement

Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell

A rule that the president signed, which allowed gay people to serve in the military.

The rule stated that when recruiting people, they would not be asked about their sexuality

Individuals with Disabilities Act (IDEA)

Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)

IDEA was to make sure that children with disabilities would receive free public education that is designed specifically to their needs

ADA was the law to protect the rights of disabled people, and guarantee them equal opportunity in:

Public spaces, jobs, transportation, government services, etc…

Passed in 1990 to make sure disabled people have the same rights as everyone else

Disabled Americans

Disabled people used to live in very tough conditions.

they experienced 2 times as much poverty, imprisonment, and police brutality.

During the fight for disabled rights, a primary activist was Judy Heumman. “The mother of the disabled rights movement”

She was stuck in a wheelchair her whole life and faced many challenges and lots of segregation.

herself, along with many other disabled americans, were often legally excluded from public education and didnt receive many legal protections