M2 Pharmacognosy plants only

Psidium guajava (Myrtaceae)

Astringent, Antiseptic mouthwash

Bayabas

Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae)

Antidiabetic (Momordicin, Charantin)

Ampalaya

Bitter gourd

Bitter melon

Allium sativum (Liliaceae)

Antidislipidemic (Alliin --> Allicin)

Bawang

Mentha cordifolia

Clinopodium douglasii (Lamiaceae)

Analgesic

Yerba buena/Mint

Peperomia pellucida (Piperaceae)

Antigout

Pansit-pansitan/Ulasimang bato

Vitex negundo (Lamiaceae)

Mucolytic/Bronchodilator

Lagundi/Five leaf chaste tree

Senna alata/Cassia alata (Fabaceae)

Anti-fungal

Akapulko/Ringworm bush

Quisqualis indica (Combretaceae)

Anthelminthic

Niyog-niyogan

Carmona retusa/Ehretia microphylla (Boraginaceae)

Antidiarrheal

Tsaang gubat

Blumea balsamifera (Asteraceae)

Diuretic/Antiurolithiatic

Sambong

D-Allose

C3 epimer of D-glucose

L-idose

C5 epimer of D-glucose

Scheele

Who isolated citric acid?

Tartaric acid

Product of wine industry's carbohydrate oxidation

Sorbus acuparia (Rosaceae)

Glucose [H] --> Sorbitol/D-Glucitol

Mountain ash

Fraxinus ornus (Oleaceae)

Mannose [H] --> Mannitol

Manna ash

Lemon juice (Citrus limon, Rutaceae)

Source of citric acid

Cherry juice (Prunus cerasus, Rosaceae)

Source of malic acid

Differentiate ketose (Cherry red) from Aldose (Pink)

Rgt.: HCl + Resorcinol

Seliwanoff's test

For pentoses (blue color)

Rgt.: Orcinol

Bial's test

For pentoses (Cherry red color)

Rgt.: Benzidine

Tauber's test

For pentoses (Red color)

Rgt.: Phloroglucinol

Tollen's phloroglucinol test

For reducing sugars/aldehyde (Silver mirror)

Rgt.: AgNO3

Tollen's silver mirror test

Sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum, Poaceae)

Sugar beets (Beta vulgaris, Amaranthaceae)

Sugar maple (Acer saccharum, Aceraceae)

Official sources of sucrose

Corn (Zea mays, Poaceae)

Potato (Solanum tuberosum, Solanaceae)

Rice (Oryza sativa, Poaceae)

Wheat (Triticum aestivum, Poaceae)

Cassaca (Manihot esculenta, Euphorbiaceae)

Official sources of starch

Lactulose

Disaccharide used to prevent portal systemic encephalopathy due to urea cycle dysfunction

Maltose

Product of partial breakdown/diastatic fermentation of starch

Barley (Hordeum vulgare, Poaceae)

Maltose is produced in the germination of ?

Cow (Bos taurus, Bovidae)

Source of lactose

Lactulose

Produced by alkaline rearrangement of lactose

Glc B1,4 Glc

Glycosidic linkage of cellobiose

Glc A1,A1 Glc

Glycosidic linkage of trehalose

General test for carbohydrates (Violet ring)

Rgt.: Alpha naphtol

Molisch test

General test for carbohydrates (Dark green)

Rgt.: Anthrone

Anthrone test

Test for starch (Violet)

Rgt.: Iodine

Iodine test

Test for reducing sugar (Brick red)

Rgt.: Cupric ions in BASIC media

Benedicts test

Test for reducing sugar (Brick red appearance: Mono speed > Di speed)

Rgt.: Cupric ions in ACIDIC media

Barfoed's test

For several monosaccharides (Glc, Gru, Man) (Osazone crystals)

Rgt.: Phenylhydrazine

Osazone test

For galactose (Insoluble crystals)

Rgt.: HNO3

Mucic acid test

Gal

Glc

Fru

Arabinose

Monosaccharide units of carageenan

Hydroxyethyl starch

Hetastarch full name

Starch (glucosan)

Inulin (fructosan)

Dextran (glucosan)

Cellulose (glucosan)

Homoglycans

Chicory/Blue dandelion (Chicorium intybus, Asteraceae)

Cone flower (Echinaceae angustifolia, Asteraceae) --> FOR COLD & FLU

Sources of inulin

Achras zapota, Sapotaceae

Chico

Microbe: Leuconostoc mesenteroides

Enzyme of microbe: Dextran sucrase/Transglucosylase

Substrate: Sugars

Product: Dextran

Source of dextran

Dextrin

Product of incomplete/partial hydrolysis of starch

Cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum, Malvaceae)

Source of cotton

Plant exudates

Seed gums

Marine gums

Microbial gums

Plant extract

Classes of heteroglycans

Acacia

Tragacanth

Sterculia/Karaya

Ghatti/Indian gum

Plant exudates

Quince/Cydonium

St. Johns bread/Locust bean/Carob pulp

Guar gum/Galactomannan/Guaran

Psyllium/Plantago

Seed gums

Algin

Agar/Japanese isinglas

Carageenan/Irish moss

Furcellarian/Danish agar

Marine gums

Xanthan (Xanthomonas campestris)

pseudoplastic (shear-thinning) property --> used in toothpaste & ointment

Microbial gum

Pectin

Plant extract

Acacia senegal, Fabaceae

Arabin

Acacia

Astragalus gummifer, Fabaceae

Bassorin, Tragacanthin

Tragacanth

Sterculia urens, Sterculiaceae

Karaya/Sterculia gum

Anogeissus latifolia, Combretaceae

Ghatti/Indian gum

Spanish psyllium (Plantago psyllium, plantaginaceae)

Blonde psyllium (Plantago ovata, plataginaceae)

Plantago seed

Cydonia vulgaris, Rosaceae

Quince/Cydonium

Cyamopsis tetragonolobus, Fabaceae

Guar gum/Galactomannan/Guaran

Ceratonia siliqua, Fabaceae

Locust bean gum/Carob pulp/St. John's wort

Macrocystis pyrifera, Lessoniaceae

Algin

Fucoidan --> tx. HERPES SIMPLEX

Brown seaweed

Gelidium cartilagineum, Gelidiaceae

Gracilaria confervoides, Gracilariaceae

Agar/Japanese isinglas/Red algae

Gigartina mamillosa, gigartinaceae

Chondrus crispus, gigartinaceae

Carageenan/Irish moss

Kappa - gelling agent

Iota - gelling agent

Lambda - non-gelling; thickener

Types of carageenan

Furcellaria fastigiata, furcellariaceae

Similar to kappa-carageenan (gelling agent)

Danish agar/Furcellarian

Citrus grandis/Citrus maxima, rutaceae

Pyrus malus, rosaceae

Unripe fruit inner rind: Protopectin

Just ripe fruit inner rind: Pectin

Overripe fruit inner rind: Pectic acid

Pectin sources

Cascara sagrada

Frangula

Aloe

Rhubarb

Senna

St. John's wort

Goa powder

Anthraquinone glycosides

Rhamnus purshianus, Rhamnaceae

Emodin (O-glycoside)

Barbaloin (C-glycoside)

Chrysaloin (C-glycoside)

Cascara sagrada

Barbaloin

Optical isomer of Cascarosides A and B

Chrysaloin

Optical isomer of Cascarosides C and D

Casanthrol

Purified mixture of anthranol glycosides

Rhamnus frangula, rhamnaceae

Frangulin

Frangula/Buckthorn bark

Curacao aloe (Aloe barbadensis, liliaceae)

Cape aloe:

Aloe ferox + Aloe africana, Liliaceae or

Aloe ferox + Aloe spicata, Liliaceae

Barbaloin

Aloe

Chinese rhubarb (Rheum officinale, polygonaceae)

Indian/Himalayan rhubarb:

Rheum emodi, polygonaceae or

Rheum webbianum, polygonaceae

Rhein anthrones

Rhubarb/Rheum

Alexandria senna: Cassia acutifolia, fabaceae

Tinnevelly senna: Cassia angustifolia, fabaceae

Sennosides A, B, C, and D

Senna

Hypericum perforatum, hypericaceae

Hypericin --> Anti-depressant

St. John's Wort

Andira araroba, fabaceae

Chrysarobin (extracted w/ Hot benzene) --> keratolytic (NOT used as cathartic)

Goa powder

Glycyrrhiza/Licorice

Dioscorea/Yam

Ginseng

Saponin glycosides

Glycyrrhiza glabra, fabaceae

Glycyrrhizin --> Masking bitter drugs (eg quinine)

Glycyrrhetic acid --> Anti-inflammatory in dermatologicals

Glycyrrhiza

Dioscorea spiculiflora, dioscoreaceae

Dioscorea fluribunda, dioscoreaceae --> BEST SOURCE OF STEROIDS

Diosgenin & Botogenin (major precursor of glucocorticoids)

Dioscorea/Yam

Asian/Korean: Panax ginseng, araliaceae

American: Panax quinquefolius, araliaceae

Panaxosides, Ginsenosides, Chikusetsusaponins --> Aphrodisiac, adaptogen, tonic

Ginseng

Amygdalin

Prunasin

Laetrile - Vit. B17

Cyanophore glycosides

Bitter almond: Prunus amygdalus var amara, rosaceae

Sweet almond: Prunus amygdalus var dulcis, rosaceae

Almond

Prunus armeniaca

Apricot

Prunus serotina, rosaceae

Wild cherry

Prunus cerasus, rosaceae

Cherry

Prunus persicana, rosaceae

Peach

Digoxin - Grecian foxglove

Digitoxin - Foxglove

Convallatoxin - Convallaria/Lily of the valley

Adonitoxin - Adonis/Pheasant's eye

Hellebrin - Black hellebore

Apocynin - Apocynum/Dogbane/Black indian hemp

Ouabain & Kappa-strophantoside - Strophantus

Oleandrin - Oleander/Adelfa

Scillaren A - Squill

Cardiac glycosides

Digitalis lanata, scrophulariaceae

Digoxin

Grecian foxglove

Digitalis purpurea, scrophulariaceae

Digitoxin

Foxglove

Convallaria majalis, Asparagaceae

Convallatoxin

Convallaria/Lily of the valley

Adonis vernalis, ranunculaceae

Adonitoxin

Adonist/Pheasant's eye

Helleborus niger, Ranunculaceae

Hellebrin

Black hellebore/Christmas rose

Apocynum cannabinum, Apocynaceae

Apocynin

Apocynum/Dogbane/Black indian hemp

Strophanthus kombe, apocynaceae

Kappa-strophantin & Ouabain

Strophantus

Nerium oleander, apocynaceae

Oleandrin --> cannot be detected in the blood

Oleander/Adelfa

Urginea maritima, asparagaceae

Scillaren A

Squill

Sinigrin

Sinalbin

Gluconapin

Isothiocyanate glycosides/Glucosinolates

Brassica nigra, brassicaceae

Sinigrin --myrosin--> Allyl isothiocyanate

Black mustard