4.2 Specialisation and organisation of Animals

What is the order of organisation of specialisation?

Specialised cells: Cells with a specific structure for it's particular function

Tissues: A group of specialised cells functioning together for a specific purpose

Organs: A group of 2 or more tissues that work together for a specific purpose

Systems: A group of organs that work together for a specific purpose

What are the 4 types of animal tissue?

4 types of animal tissue: Epithelial, Muscular, Connective and Nervous

What is epithelial tissue?

Tissue made of tightly packed cells that line surfaces

What are the 5 types of epithelial tissue?

1. Squamous (flattened): Alveoli and blood vessel linings

2. Cuboidal (cubical): Kidney and salivary gland linings

3. Columnar (pillar like): Small intestine, uterus, fallopian tubes

4. Ciliated (covered in tiny hairs to move mucous): Trachea - maybe good to remember for exam

5. Glandular (secretory): Endocrine glands

What is muscular tissue and what are the 3 types?

Tissue that makes up muscles and allows movement

Skeletal muscle (voluntary), smooth muscle and cardiac muscle (involuntary)

Why is skeletal muscle important?

• Voluntary

• Allows movement

• Maintains posture

• Stabilises joints

• Maintains body temperature by producing heat via muscle contractions (shivering)

Why do we need smooth muscle?

• Involuntary

• Controls movement of substances through organs (peristalsis)

• Produces the contractions during childbirth from the uterus

• Regulates blood vessel diameter (vasodilation and constriction)

• Regulates airway diameter

Why do we need cardiac muscle?

• Involuntary

• Pumps blood continuously through the heart

• Produces rhythmic, coordinated contractions

What is connective tissue?

Tissue that binds and support other tissues and organs

Remember these types: Blood, bone and adipose

What are the roles of the 5 types of connective tissue?

1. Aerolar/loose: Found under the skin and surrounding vessels and organs, holding them in place EG Subcutaneous layer

2. Adipose: Fat tissue that stores energy

3. Fluid: Transports fluid, nutrients, wastes and hormones EG RBC, WBC, Platelets, plasma (blood) and lymph

4. Supporting: Provide structure and strength to body + soft tissues EG Tendon and ligaments

5. Skeletal: Provides structural support EG Cartilage and bone

What are the 5 types of connective tissue?

1. Aerolar/loose

2. Adipose

3. Fluid

4. Supporting

5. Skeletal

What is nervous tissue?

Tissue of the nervous system that transmits signals

Contains neurons and glial cells

What is the function of neurons and glial cells?

Neurons: Responsible for communication through electrical signals

Glial cells: Supporting cells that maintain the environment around the neurons