Pages 4-15 of Science

what is animal behavior

the study of how and why animals behave the way they do

what are animals

living organisms that share the same set of criteria in common with one another

what three criteria must an organism meet in order to be an animal

• - feed on organic matter - must consume external substance that they can convert into energy

• - be able to move from one place to another

• - be made up of multiple cells that contain membrane-bound organelles and produce collagen

what are eukaryotic cells

a type of cell that is surrounded by a membrane and has internal organelles that are also surrounded by a membrane; all animals are made up of eukaryotic cells, some of which are capable of producing collagen

what is collagen

a protein that provides structure to cells and holds them together; it’s found in skin, tendons, bones, and ligaments and surrounds the organs of animals

why are plants not animals

they use sunlight as an energy source and produce their own food

why are fungi not animals

they do not produce collagen, they produce chitin

why are protists not animals

they’re usually unicellular organisms and can not produce collagen

what are mammals

animals that have spinal cords and brains, produce milk, have hair, and have three middle ear bones

what is a spinal cord

part of the central nervous system in which sensory information from the outside world is sent to the brain; it allows for complex motion and reactions and diverse behaviors

animals with spinal cords are considered the most _ forms of life on earth

complex

mammals have the ability to produce milk from…

mammary glands

mammals are…

what does viviparous mean

it means an animal gives birth to live young

what are monotremes and give two examples

they’re mammals that lay eggs; two examples are the platypus and the echidna

what do three middle ear bones allow mammals to do

transmit sound vibrations into messages in the brain

the majority of mammals are found on…

unlike mammals, reptiles, fish, amphibians, and birds are mostly…

what does oviparous mean

an animal reproduces by laying eggs

what does ovoviviparous mean

an animal gives live birth to offspring that develops and hatches internally

most birds can fly, but which bird is an exception

penguin

reptiles are mostly found on land, but which reptiles are adapted to living mostly in water and occasionally come on land

sea snakes and crocodiles

are all amphibians fully aquatic or terrestrial? (and give examples)

no, some are fully aquatic (like axolotls) and some are semi-terrestrial (like frogs)

how is the mudskipper unique

it’s able to survive in muddy environments by using modified gill structures to obtain oxygen from both the air and water

how do amphibians breathe, and what environment does this make them well adapted to

they can breathe through their skin in addition to using their lungs; it makes them well-adapted to living in wet environments

what are arthropods and what makes them unique

insects and arachnids; they lack a spinal cord, circulate hemolymph for oxygenation, and have exoskeletons

how many body segments and legs do insects typically have

three body segments and six legs

how many body segments and legs do arachnids typically have

two body segments and eight legs

some arthropods, such as honeybees and ants, are…

very social and use colonies

some arthropods, such as grasshoppers and wasps, are primarily….

solitary

what percentage of animal life is made up of arthropods

about 80-85%

sea sponges are unique because…

they appear plantlike during some stages of their lives

tardigrades are unique because…

they look like insects but are animals, and they can withstand radiation and extreme temperatures

sea slugs are animals, but some species…

use photosynthesis to obtain their energy from the sun

what are some other animals that do not fall into the traditional categories

crabs, cnidarians (jellyfish), worms, cephalopods, starfish, and sponges

what are cnidarians

jellyfish

what is the broad definition of behavior

all the ways animals interact with other organisms, internal signals, and the physical environment

all organisms exhibit some level of behavior, but animal behavior is the most _

complex

even though dogs and humans have different anatomies, they can…

express similar behaviors in different ways that are unique to their physiology

behaviors occur in response to…

external or internal stimuli

internal cues are not visible from an outside perspective, but they are a….

major motivator for the behavior of individuals

by being observant of the world around them and their internal body, animals can…

act in a way that is beneficial to them and increases their chances of survival

what is social behavior

when animals interact with other members of their species

how does group living benefit animals

it increases the number of eyes watching for predators and looking for food

how does play behavior benefit animals

it allows them to learn more essential skills they will need later in life in a safe, low risk environment