Chapter 4 - Church History: The Church in the Middle Age - Klemm, 2021

mendicants

Members of religious orders that rely on charity for support.

friars

Members of religious orders of men who serve the Church through teaching or preaching.

nave

The main body of a church or cathedral, where the assembly gathers.

chancel

The part of a cathedral that contains the high altar.

Divine Office

Also known as the Liturgy of the Hours, the official public, daily prayer of the Catholic Church. The Divine Office provides standard prayers, Scripture readings, and reflections at regular hours throughout the day.

scholasticism

The method of thinking, teaching, and writing devised in, and characteristic of, the medieval universities of Europe from about 1100 to 1500. Although concerned with all of the scientific learning, ____________________ is most closely identified with knowledge about God.

Medieval Inquisition

An inquisition established by the Church in the thirteenth century aimed at rooting out heresies. Sometimes called the Papal Inquisition.

Poor Clares

established by St. Clare of Assisi in 1212 under the guidance of St. Francis; lived in a monastery and their lives consisted if prayer and manual work

St. Clare of Assisi

lived from 1194-1253; often depicted carrying a monstrance; according to legend she prevented an attack on a monastery in 1240 by carrying the Eucharist

St. Thomas Aquinas

Dominican who wrote Summa Theologica amongst other great theological and historical works; Nickname: Dumb Ox

Summa Theologica

a twenty one volume work in which he shows the theological relationship between faith and reason; written by St. Thomas Aquinas

Transubstantiation

bread and wine transformed into the Body and Blood of Jesus during the Liturgy of the Eucharist by the Holy Spirit

key events of the High Middle Ages

Renewal of Benedictine Monasticism, the development of religious orders for women, and the introduction of new religious orders

Cistercian Order

founded in Citeaux, France; solitude, manual labor, poverty; brought advancements and helped build up French economy

Carthusian Order

- modified Benedictine rule; austere, sacrifice, poverty, hermitic lifestyle, only meeting in community on feast days

St. Bernard

a Cistercian monk who was a prominent theologian who was sent to Clairveaux, France to found a monastery; by the time of his death, there were 350 houses; focus on work and disciple

Dominicans

Order of Preachers

Franciscans

Order of Friars Minor

St. Francis of Assisi

Established Franciscan order and in doing so abandoned life of wealth and comfort

Lateran Council IV key teaching

Transubstantiation

Lateran Council IV called by

Pope Innocent III

Lateran Council IV established

70 canons

Peter Abelard

became famous for his exploration of Aristotle's philosophy and perfected the technique of theological investigation with the method of question led to investigation; question interrogation

Southern Medieval University Model

Schools modeled on the University of Bologna specialized in law and medicine

Northern Medieval University Model

Oxford, Cambridge, and Paris specialized in the liberal arts - canon law and theology; "the queen of sciences"

Purpose of Medieval Inquisition

suppress heresies

canonical punishments during inquisition

fasting, making pilgrimages, attending mass more frequently, and wearing distinctive clothing

Eucharistic Adoration

The Blessed Sacrament is in exposition in a monstrance. However, on Holy Thursday, the Blessed Sacrament is placed in a ciborium on the altar.

Purpose of stained glass windows

depicted events from Sacred Scripture serving as a means of religious instruction and inspiration

Bishop's Cathedra or chair

symbolizes the bishop's teaching authority and power

teachings of Lateran Council IV

The enforcement of clerical celibacy and the elimination of simony, the seal of confession-that the sins revealed in the Sacrament of Penance and Reconciliation could not be revealed by the Confessor, a call for the annual confession and the Easter Duty-receiving the Eucharist at Easter

Lateran Council IV attended by

1200 bishops and church officials

Transubstantiation explained by the CCC

It is not the priest but Christ himself that changes the substance. The power and grace of the words announced by the priest are God's power and spirit.

Why are Dominicans called black friars?

wore a habit consisting of a white robe with a black robe worn over it

Dumb Ox

St. Thomas Aquinas' nickname

abbot/abbess

the superior and spiritual leaders of a monastery (male: abbot; female: abbess)

Illuminated Manuscript

where text is supplemented with artwork such as decorated initials, borders, and illustrations, often using silver and gold. during the Middle Ages, often were copied by hand, work often done by monks

feudalism

a system that evolved in Western Europe in the eighth and ninth centuries in which society was ordered around relationships derived from the holding of land in exchange for service and protection

Christendom

the Church's sphere of power and authority, both politically and spiritually, during the Middle Ages

Papal States

an independent country ruled by the Pope until 1870, covering a wide strip of land in the middle of the Italian Peninsula. the papal states were awarded to the papacy in 756 in a formal deed called the Donation of Pepin

franks

a Germanic tribe that inhabited the Roman provinces of Gaul (roughly coinciding with modern-day France) starting in the sixth century

simony

buying or selling something spiritual, such as a grace, a Sacrament, or a relic. the payment of money to be appointed to a church office

antipope

a person claiming to be Pope in opposition to the Pope chosen in accordance with the Church law

monk

male hermit; lived alone seeking prayer, meditation, and solitude; Greek root "monos" means one

monastery

building occupied by monks who have taken vows

abbey

the entirety of the land and other buildings surrounded by the monastery

three main challenges the Church faced in the Middle Ages

lay investiture, simony, celibacy

lay investiture

the practice of lay people (i.e. kings and other nobility) appointing bishops, priests, abbots, and abbesses

celibacy

the state or condition of those who have chosen to remain unmarried for the sake of the kingdom of heaven in order to give themselves entirety to God and to the service of his people

what was happening in Europe following the fall of the Roman Empire?

in 476, the Western Empire fell. there was no Roman rule following the fall of the empire. Germanic and Scandinavian tribes repeatedly invade

in what way was the Pope threatened at this time?

even within the Christian world, conflicting secular and ecclesial interests threatened the Pope's position as spiritual authority and the leader o the People of God. (the ideas of the world and religious views differ so much that the pope is being threatened because people don't want to listen to him)

what was the common goal the monks shared?

shared a common goal of growing in holiness and giving up worldly comforts for Christ. they were also centered around a spiritual leader

name 4 things that men and women in a monastic community stressed in their lives

prayer, celibacy, poverty, and obedience to a superior called an abbot or abbess. they will live in communal houses.

what religion developed on the Arabian Peninsula?

the Islamic religion

who was the founder of the Islamic religion and where was he born?

Mohammed; born in Mecca in 570

what happened during the call of Mohammed?

Mohammed was visited by the angel Gabriel who brought him revelations from God, or Allah. Mohammed's followers began recording the revelations and they became known as the Koran

what is the Koran and why is it important to Islam?

the teachings of the Koran became the basis for Islam. Mohammed's followers record his revelations and the collections of them became known as the Koran

what is a key tenet of Islam?

Monotheism

name one important way Islam and Christianity differed

Islam accepted Jesus as a prophet sent by God, but contended that Christ was not divine and that his humanity and divinity could not be a reconcilable truth

where did Islam spread? what does the word Islam mean?

Islam spread throughout the Mediterranean region in the same place Christianity spread and the word Islam is an Arabic word that means "submission"

what did Mohammed accomplish before his death?

before the time of his death in 632, Mohammed had succeeded in unifying all of the Arabian Peninsula both religiously and militarily. in 717 the Byzantine emperor Leo Isaurian halted eastern expansion by defeating the Muslims at the gates of Constantinople. in 732 at the Battle of Tours, Charles Martel, king of the franks, turns back the Muslims and halts expansion in Europe

name 3 patriarchates that fell as a result of the spread of Islam

1. Jerusalem
2. Antioch
3. Alexandria

after Pepin's death, who emerged as a powerful king and what did his name mean? what name did the Pope give to the new king?

Charlemagne which means "Charles the Great" in French, Pepin's son. he was a Christian ruler and an ambitious man. defeated the Lombards in 774; rewarded with title "Protector of the Papacy"

what event in 800 AD signaled a break between Rome and the Eastern Empire?

Charlemagne being named emperor of Rome

what 3 things led to the end of Charlemagne's empire?

following his death in 814, the empire was split up by his sons and suffered from renewed Viking invasions and ineffective leadership. the empire officially ended with the death of Charles the fat in 888. His dad was Pepin. Charlemagne had 17 kids. (his 3 successors led to the end of the empire)

what was the downside of the Church acquiring the Papal States?

although this appeared to be a great step forward for the Church, control of the Papal States also meant dependence on kings and emperors and an understanding of the Pope as a ruler of land as well as a spiritual leader

what did Gregory see as most crucial to the reform of the Church?

he saw the clergy's independence from civil powers as crucial to any reform in the Church

changes brought about by cluniac reforms

lived simply, prayed long and devoutly, performed charitable works for the poor, and inspired others to take the Gospel message seriously

Henry IV and Pope Gregory VII Origin of Conflict

Henry objected to the Pope's ruling --> the emperor convoked a synod in which Gregory was deposed --> Gregory deposed and excommunicated Henry and declared that Henry's subjects did not need to obey him --> Henry asked for and was granted forgiveness but failed to carry out promises and was excommunicated again by Gregory --> Henry attacked Rome and appointed a new Pope; Gregory was rescued from the attack but died a short while later

Concordat at Worms (1122)

controversy over lay investiture was resolved with the Concordat at Worms (in Worms, Germany), whereby the emperor Henry the 5th agreed that rulers would no longer have the right to appoint bishops. all bishops would be elected and consecrated by Church authority

mystic

A person who regularly has an intense experience of the presence and power of God, resulting in a deep sense of union with him.

Great Western Schism

A split within the Church that lasted from 1378 to 1417, when there were two or three claimants to the papacy at once. Also called the Papal Schism.

Since neither man would give up his papacy, The Pope in France and the Pope in Rome, this caused the Great Western Schism. What was the consequences for the believers?

Christians were confused as to who they should show allegiance to

What did the Church decide to do about this situation of 2 Popes?

A Church council was called to declare the rightful Pope. Instead, the council deposed both the popes and chose Alexander V. Alexander who died on his way to Rome

There were still 3 Popes after the election of John XXII. What had the papacy become during these troubling years?

It had become a battle for temporal power and influence.

What council "ended" the Great Western schism and what did they do to end it? Was it really the end? Why or why not?

The Council of Constance elected Martin V as new Pope It was not the end because Clement VII, who had been elected by the French, stayed in power until 1429 when he resigned.

The Great Western Schism is also called what?

The Papal Schism

Avignon Papacy

legitimate period of Church history from 1308 to 1378 when the popes lived and ruled in Avignon, France instead of in Rome