SESD, Constanza et al. 1997
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40 Terms
What produces ecological systems
natural capital stocks
Why are ecosystem services not captured in markets
they are often outside commercial pricing systems
How are ecosystem service values estimated
value per unit area multiplied by biome area and summed across services and biomes
What are ecosystem functions
habitat biological or system properties and processes of ecosystems
What are ecosystem services
benefits humans derive directly or indirectly from ecosystem functions
What is the relationship between ecosystem functions
many are interdependent
Why can ecosystem functions sometimes be added
they represent joint products of ecosystems
What is ecosystem infrastructure
the underlying system needed to support ecosystem service production
What is natural capital
a stock of material or information that generates flows of services
What does natural capital generate
a flow of ecosystem services that support human welfare
What makes up human welfare
services from natural manufactured and human capital
Can natural capital be substituted
no it cannot be efficiently replaced by other forms of capital
Why is valuing ecosystem services difficult
some benefits like life or aesthetics are hard to quantify
What does valuation of ecosystem services measure
changes in human welfare from markets and non market systems
What is willingness to pay
a method estimating how much individuals would pay for ecosystem services
Why are demand curves for ecosystem services difficult to measure
ecosystem services are not traded in markets
What ecosystem benefits are not captured in GNP
air purification soil formation waste treatment
Why are ecosystem services missing from national accounts
they often occur outside the economy
What are limitations of ecosystem service valuation
it excludes many services and informal economic contributions
What is a major critique of willingness to pay
it reflects inequality and subjective social values
Why is ecosystem valuation considered uncertain
ecosystems are dynamic and not static systems
Why is valuation considered a snapshot
it measures a complex system at one point in time
What is the estimated global value of ecosystem services about 33 trillion US dollars per year
What proportion is contributed by marine systems about 63 percent
What is the major component of ecosystem service value nutrient recycling about 17 trillion dollars
What is the high end estimate of ecosystem services about 54 trillion dollars
How does ecosystem service value compare to global GNP about 1.8 times larger
What is an alternative estimate of ecosystem service value about 34 trillion dollars
What is a sceptical view of ecosystem valuation it cannot exceed global GNP about 18 trillion dollars
What is a key argument about ecosystem services they contribute significantly to human welfare
Why should natural capital be included in accounting to reflect true economic value of ecosystems
What is project appraisal in ecosystem valuation comparing ecosystem losses against project benefits
How does scarcity affect ecosystem services increasing scarcity increases their value