test 4

Immigrant families in the United States, like Latinos and Asian Americans, tend to have _____ timetables for certain markers of independence among adolescents.

 

later

The body secretes the hormone _____ in response to stress. Teenagers produce more of this hormone than children and adults in typical situations.

cortisol

The prefrontal cortex does not fully mature until young people reach:

 

their mid to late 20s.

Kevin, age 6, has a meltdown in the checkout lane of the grocery store because his parents will not buy him a candy bar. He kicks and screams, drawing the attention and stares of nearby shoppers. Embarrassed and angry, his parents buy him a candy bar, and the meltdown ends. This BEST illustrates:

 

a coercive cycle.

Victoria is in preschool and her older sibling, Rosa, is in third grade. Which statement BEST describes the amount of time they spend with their family?

 

Rosa spends about 50 percent less time with their family than Victoria.

Research suggests that _____ remain MOST important for adolescents as they create the foundation for their adult lives.

families

In middle childhood, the ability to regulate emotions and navigate relationships is primarily driven by:

 

home-based emotional experiences and habits.

According to Erikson, which action is essential for children when developing a sense of themselves as being competent?

 

encouraging children's interests

Bullying interventions designed to involve _____ can be successful. Peers who witness victimization and providing information to parents are important components of this design.

 

a whole-school approach

As children move into middle childhood, crying and melt downs:

decrease

Sixteen-year-old Renee feels ambivalent about her choices and is having difficulty making future plans. Her indecision is negatively affecting her grades and she occasionally skips school. Which identity status BEST fits Renee?

 

diffusion status

Typically, _____ activity occurs when teenagers break the law for social reasons, such as to gain their friends' approval or to prove their independence.

 

adolescent-limited criminal

What type of parental characteristics are associated with conscientiousness in children?

 

feelings of competence

Children's positive friendships can:

 

be a source of comfort during difficult times.

Why are teenagers motivated to join a crowd?

 

to make friends and to feel they belong

James, a 9-year-old child, is concerned about being capable and developing new skills. He is MOST likely in which of Erikson's psychosocial stages of development?

 

industry versus inferiority

Sam and Amy know where their fifth-grader is and what she is doing. They are _____ their child.

 

monitoring

What is the BEST description of the number of U.S. children aged 6 to 12 who play online or video games?

 

a vast majority

The process of caregivers observing and keeping tabs on what their children are doing is called parental:

monitoring

Aliya's parents consistently express their disapproval and dislike for her. This behavior increased when she became interested in traditionally male activities, like playing football and hockey. Which caregiving style BEST describes the one used by Aliya's parents?

 

rejecting caregiving

Which of these describes how the dominant culture in North America and Europe encourages teenage relationships?

 

idealizing romance through movies, TV shows, and popular music

_____ is emotional changeability that often leans toward negative feelings like irritability.

Moodiness

_____ refers to the decision-making powers that teenagers want in their everyday choices.

 

Behavioral autonomy

Based on a global survey of 10-year-old students, what percent indicated that they had been ridiculed by other students?

18

Theo easily makes friends and gets along with his classmates. This example relates to which one of the components of the five-factor model?

 

agreeableness

If Amanda is neglected in relation to popularity, this implies that she is:

 

forgotten by other children in her class.

Traits or characteristics that make each child unique and different from others are called:

personality

Gender stereotypes impact the academic performance of:

 

boys more than girls.

The biggest contributor to the average number of family changes a child in the U.S. experiences is a change in _____ relationships.

sibling

When researchers compared outcomes for children who do chores and those who do not, they found that those expected to help were _____ than those not expected to help.

 

higher in self-confidence

The drive for excitement and the thrill of doing something a little scary is called:

 

sensation-seeking.

Sarita and Bipani are two of more than _____ million children who live on their own.

14

Maya, a fifth-grader, has first-hand experience with being the target of discrimination. Because of this, without support, she may experience stress that will make her:

 

be more likely to have difficulties in school.

In communities that are unwelcoming to nontraditional relationships, teens coming out may be:

 

delayed until early adulthood.

Bullying tends to occur between:

 

one high and one low social power individual.

For many adolescents, what is the third stage of romantic development?

 

couples go out in larger groups, like double dating at a concert

_____ is a clinical diagnosis based on a pattern of excessive worry or fear that keeps children, adolescents, and adults from fully functioning in their lives.

 

Anxiety disorder

_____ parenting combines warmth with high expectations. It supports and sets limits for teenagers and is associated with better outcomes for them.

 

Authoritative

Which of these is the BEST predictor of a child's emotional health?

 

the quality of the parents' relationship with their child

According to Piaget, one way 7-year-old Aaron will learn moral behavior is by:

 

playing rule-based games with his peers.

Ali is in the process of defining his _____. He is reflecting on who he is and how he fits into the social groups of the world.

 

identity

Chen's parents were born in Hong Kong. The family spent several years in Brussels before relocating to the United States. Chen communicates with his family in Mandarin, while taking courses in English at the local college. He continues to cook Chinese recipes at home but will occasionally drive through McDonald's for a quick meal. Which term BEST describes his actions?

acculturation

Researchers agree that adolescents benefit from their families' help. They are _____ or able to change as they gather new ideas and opinions.

plastic

Adolescents are more _____ than they were as children.

 

age-segregated

Kohlberg proposed _____ major stages of moral development.

3

Everyday conflicts in immigrant families may represent a _____. Children who grew up in the United States develop different customs from their parents who were born and raised in other countries.

 

generational disconnect

What is the possible outcome for teens living in fear and distrusting the world even when it is justified?

 

mental health challenges

_____ is the concept of taking responsibility of the family as a group.

Familism

Kyle and his friends often binge drink. They get together and each person consumes more than _____ drinks at one time.

 

5

Teenagers tend to befriend people who are similar to them. This tendency is known as:

homophily

In Piaget's conservation task, children are presented two cups of the same size and same amount of water. One cup of water is poured into a taller cup. When asked if the shorter cup or taller cup has more water, or if they are the same amount, according to Piaget, how should a concrete operational thinker respond?

 

"The cups have the same amount of water."

In Sternberg's theory of successful intelligence, analytic intelligence involves:

 

thinking abstractly and solving problems.

_____ consists of the benefits of cultural traditions of interdependence and connectedness for immigrant families.

Familism

_____ thinking is a type of thinking that is logical, where you weigh evidence and make a decision that requires conscious thought.

Analytical

The ability to focus on one particular aspect of the environment is called:

attention

As children develop their language skills, they need to be able to identify sounds in words, otherwise known as:

 

phonemic awareness.

Socioemotional learning is a curriculum that focuses on:

 

emotional regulation and building caring relationships.

A child's working memory is also referred to as _____ memory.

 

short-term

Students who have a fixed mindset often believe their:

 

abilities and talents cannot be changed.

Dakota's brain is _____ during adolescence, helping to fuel his learning as he adjusts to the adult world.

flexible

The nucleus accumbens is associated with _____ while the subcortical structures are associated with _____.

 

decision making; emotion regulation

Most young people in the United States read books that are about at the _____ grade level.

sixth

As children enter school, they learn about _____ new words every year.

 

3,000 to 5,000

According to Piaget, when children are able to complete a classification task, they can:

 

categorize objects and group them according to multiple dimensions.

Vygotsky believed children should be taught in their _____, rather than all children being taught the same material and at the same speed.

 

zone of proximal development

When trying to remember his preschool experiences, Hyun finds it hard to remember his teacher's name and some activities they did in school. Hyun is experiencing:

 

childhood amnesia.

When trying to remember his preschool experiences, Hyun finds it hard to remember his teacher's name and some activities they did in school. Hyun is experiencing:

 

childhood amnesia.

In affluent countries around the globe, about 1 in _____ young people comes from a family of immigrants.

6

_____ may be one reason why small school size is linked to school success.

 

Strong connections

_____ involves knowing how to talk with other people, what is appropriate to talk about, and how to interpret tone of voice, gestures, and other cues to keep a conversation going.

 

Pragmatics

In the United States, career and technical education is often called:

 

vocational education.

Researchers have found that security practices like metal detectors, drug sniffing dogs, and security guards are linked to decreases in _____ in schools.

 

belonging and feeling of safety

Heuristic thinking is _____ and can be achieved outside of consciousness.

 

automatic

Piaget's stage of cognitive development that lasts from early adolescence until adulthood focuses on the ability to think abstractly for big topics like peace, love, and fate. It is called:

 

formal operational thought.

As the reward circuit in the subcortical structures matures, it is sensitive to and is filled with higher levels of _____, the neurotransmitter associated with learning and rewards.

dopamine

During adolescence, in the prefrontal cortex, _____ increases and _____ decreases.

 

white matter; gray matter

Many researchers find that playing violent video games may make children _____, or unreactive to violence.

desensitized

Which group of adolescents were LEAST affected academically (especially in math) by the COVID-19 pandemic?

 

those whose first language was English

A child's selective attention reflects their:

 

ability to control their focus.

The changes to the adolescent brain make it more _____. It is more capable of change based on life experiences when compared to the adult brain.

 

adaptable or plastic

Black students can face _____ that involve harassment from the police, neighborhood violence, and low expectations from teachers that affect their academic performance.

 

discriminatory behaviors

Rehearsal is a memorizing technique that involves:

repetition

The practice of grouping students with similar achievement scores and offering them a school curriculum that matches their interests and abilities is known as:

tracking

Why is career and technical education highly prized around the world?

 

Its earnings can be similar to the academic track.

Programs such as _____ are designed to promote student–teacher relationships. Students stay with the same teacher for more than one school year.

looping

All around the world, _____ help(s) to create an educated workforce that can be linked to economic growth.

 

secondary schools

Which of these impacts on education and the classrooms from Vygotsky's influence do we see today?

 

hands-on active learning

In Gardner's theory of multiple intelligence, spatial skills represent:

 

understanding maps and geometry.

Some of the most significant reshaping of the brain occurs in the _____. This region is linked to the conscious control of behavior and thinking.

 

prefrontal cortex

Which of these children shows grit?

 

Pedro spends time after school in tutoring and retakes a test so he can do well in a subject that was hard for him.

Metacognition involves:

 

the ability to be aware of how one is thinking and reflect upon it.

During middle childhood, a child's prefrontal cortex is activated and used when children:

 

need to use a lot of effort to focus on a task.

Asahi has hit his head against a door and has experienced a(n) _____. He is frequently dizzy, are sensitive to noise and bright lights, and have severe headaches.

concussion

concussion

Kabir communicates effectively with adults and his peers. He is often the self-appointed leader in groups at school. When difficulties arise, Kabir finds strategies to manage his stress. His mentor reminds him these _____ skills will help him succeed in life.

soft

Children in the United States from marginalized groups including Native Americans and Latinos often feel:

 

disconnected from their schools and often feel low achieving.

When memorizing the definition of "astounding," Luca remembered that their parent always said, "Your dress looks astounding!" This type of memorizing technique is called:

elaboration

Physical and exclusionary discipline are linked to an escalating pattern of difficulties for children who are likely to be suspended again, in a process some call:

 

school-to-prison pipeline.

_____ are designed to improve relationships and build respect. They have shown promise in reducing disciplinary difficulties.

 

Restorative disciplinary practices

A "typical" or average range of an IQ score is between:

 

85 and 115.

In the United States, more than _____ percent of students will eventually earn a high school diploma or General Education Development (GED) by age 24.

 

95