Global Final Exam

What role did African kingdoms have in supplying humans for the slave trade?

Supplying the colonial ships with slaves, ivory, and gold. Used it to their profit by enslaving and selling other Africans to European traders

When did the colonies of Sub-Saharan Africa gain their independence?

Ghana in 1957- It was not until the 1990s that the last colony was finally freed

What has been the usual transition pattern in Sub-Saharan Africa from colonies to independence?

The transition caused conflict. Civil wars were fought over who would control the country after Europeans were pushed out. Transition to full independence exacted heavy toll from African countries but has resulted in stronger polktical structures and greater democratic liberties in many cases. In nearly all cases, removing colonial powers from Africa was only half the battle toward independence, other half was establishing a functional, effective government

How does the concept of core and periphery apply to Sub-Saharan Africa?

Every region has large urban centers, often port cities that act as central core locations supported by a large peripheral rural hinterland

What do the population pyramids look like in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Niger’s population illustrates large family size and rapid population growth. Tanzania is similar with some slowing growth. South Africa, which is more urbanized and industrialized shows signs of declining family sizes and fewer children

What do the religious patterns look like in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Current religious trends in Africa follow pattern of African Transition Zone. Most of the population north of the zone follows Islan and most in the south follows Christianity. Large percentages follow a wide array of traditional or animist beliefs.

What type of tourism is popular in Sub-Saharan Africa?

Beach resorts, coastal waters, sailing, diving, other water sports. South Africa specifically has beaches and coastlines

What is the main economic activity in the West Africa region

agriculture

Which country in Central Africa has the highest standard of living and a stable government?

Gabon

What is the relationship of the Serengeti Plain to wealth in its region

Unique animals found in same ecosystem, translates into economic income from tourists from around the world

What impact has apartheid had on South Africa?

Dictatorial rule along with race and class segregation, extreme racial inequality, vast economic disparities, segregated communities, unequal education, systemic social exclusion

What basic feature dominates the North Africa and Southwest Asia realm

dry or arid type b climate, islam, have significant reserves of oil, natural gas, and important minerals

What is meant by cultural hearths in the realm of North Africa and Southwest Asia?

the cradles where foundational ideas, religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam), agriculture, writing, urban life (Mesopotamia, Nile Valley), and innovations like the wheel, law codes, and irrigation

What solutions are used to deal with water needs?

Desalination, wastewater recycling, efficient irrigation, alongside traditional methods such as tapping ancient fossil aquifers, building damns, and regional water management

Why did Muhammad accumulate so many followers to what would become Islam?

that the god Allah was the only without an idol, he would become the sole entity of Muhammad’s new Islamic religion. Tradition said Muhammad was illiterate, his supporters wrote down his words and compiled them into the Quran

What are the Five Pillars of Islam

Faith, Prayer, Alms, Fasting, Pilgrimage

What is the difference between a religious state and a secular state?

Religious state integrates religion into governance, basing laws on divine texts and promoting specific faith. Secular state separates government from religion, ensures neutrality and equal treatment for all beliefs with laws based on reason and not scripture

What are the geographic qualities of the Maghreb?

a diverse landscape dominated by the Atlas Mountains in the north and expansive Sahara Desert in the south

What political changes have come to North Africa

North Africa has experiences significant changes since the Arab Spring uprisings, leading to complex mix of democratic backsliding in some nations, protracted conflicts, and the consolidation of authoritarian power in others

What is meant by the African Transition Zone?

The zone where the dry arid conditions of the desert north meet with the moister region of the tropics

What is the political significance of the Camp David accord?

in 1977, Israeli president Menachem Begin and Egyptian president were intied to Camp David, Maryland by President Jimmy Carter. Israel and Egypt signed Camp David Accord, an agreement not to go to war again. Egypt agreed to officially recognize the State of Israel and not invade

What are the one-state solution and two-state solution options for Israel?

The one-state solution proposes the creation of a fully democratic state of Israel and the integration of all the people within its borders into one country. The two-state solution proposes Palestinians would have their own nation-state which would include the Gaza Strip and the West Bank

What is the law in Saudi Arabia based on

Sharia (Islamic Law)

What resources were the Persian Gulf War and the Iraq War fought over

Oil, specifically Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait (Gulf War) and control over Iraqi reserves

What aspects makes Turkiye be a key country in the Middle East?

Most Kurds population lives there, the only remaining country of the vast Ottoman Empire, US ally, member of NATO, may join EU

What feature of Central Asia attracts the attention of multinational conrporations

Large deposits of valuable minerals and ores in the world waiting to be extracted. The deposits are the target of multinational corporations around the globe.

Which countries are considered to be in MENA

Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Palestine, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates, Yemen

What are the key topographical features in MENA

Arid deserts, mountain ranges, fertile river valleys and deltas, coastal plains, and unique volcanic fields

What is the most common climatological feature in MENA?

0-100 precipitation

What reasons account for water scarcity being an issue in MENA?

Oases are drying up from overtapping, high water usage

What impact does desalinization have on water scarcity issues in MENA?

Would provide reliable drought-proof freshwater source

About what percentages of provable reserves of petroleum and natural gas are located in MENA?

60% of oil reserves, 40% of natural gas reserves

Which countries in MENA are the wealthiest and poorest?

Saudi Arabia is wealthiest, Yemen and Qatar are poorest

Which world religions have as their birthplace in MENA with a focus on Jerusalem

Judaism, Christianity, Islam

What are key insights about petrostate economic behavioral patterns from Ross’s article in 2001

Low tax rates and patronage reduce democratic pressure

Which countries in MENA have fought the most frequently post WWII

Israel - Palestine, Iran - Iraq

What does the Arabbarometer say about support for democracy in MENA

widespread support for democracy

What can we say about actual democratic performance in MENA

weak institutions that are easily corrupted, democracy does not deliver on strong economy

What is the Organization for Islamic Cooperation?

an intergovernmental organization founded in 1969, consisting of 57 member states, 48 of which are Muslim-majority. Claims to be collective voice of the Muslim world and works to protect interest of the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting international peace and harmony

What are the five largest cities of Sub-Saharan Africa

Kinshasa, Lagos, Luanda, Dar Es Salaam, Johannesburg

In which country are the wealthiest cities of this region concentrated?

South Africa

What are the distinct regions of Sub-Saharan Africa

North, West, East, Central, Southern, Sahel, Horn of Africa

Which region of Sub-Saharan Africa has the most mountainous features

South/East

What is the largest climatological feature of Sub-Saharan Africa

Dry/arid and tropical

Which European countries colonized Sub-Saharan Africa

England, France, Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Spain, Germany

Which European country created its own currency for its Sub-Saharan African colonies

France

Which country has the largest portfolio of precious mined metals

South Africa

The forest coverage in Madagascar in 2005 as opposed to 1950

is much less

Which countries in Sub-Saharan Africa have the most unequal income distribution?

South Africa and Central African Rep

What were the major migration patterns in the slave trade?

Africa to South America, South American to Europe, Europe to South America

Which region of Sub-Saharan Africa is the most democratic?

South Africa

Which region of Sub-Saharan Africa is the least democratic

Central/Northern

What are major cities in Central and South Asia? Which region has the largest cities?

South has Delhi, Mumbai, Karachi, Dhaka, and Kolkata hosting tens of millions. Central features Tashkent, Kabul, Almaty, and Bishkek. South Asia has more large cities

What type of government does India have?

Federal Parliamentary Republic: parliamentary democracy with president as head of state, prime minister as head of government, all under federal structure with bicameral parliament

Topographically speaking, what feature characterizes much of central asia?

High mountain ranges and extensive arid basins, plains, and large deserts

What is a common climatological feature across much of Central Asia

arid, desert, cold

What can be said about the population pyramids of Central Asia and South Asia

Central Asia has surplus of younger males but older females, more traditional triangle shape, dip in at 20s. Southern Asia is smaller and more diamond shaped. Highest percentage in 20s, with lower young ages and older.

How can we compare economic development in Central Asia and South Asia

Greater economic development in South Asai, around 6% with Central Asia around 5%

What is meant by New Asian Tigers

a group of Southeast Asian nations experiencing rapid industrialization, high economic growth, and increasing integration into the global economy, following a similar development path to the original Four Asian Tigers.

The primary countries identified as the New Asian Tigers are Vietnam, Thailand, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines.

What is the state of democracy in Central Asia and South Asia

Mix of flawed democracies and lots of authoritarian regimes

What is meant by irredentism? What are examples of it

A political or nationalist movement when a country wants to reclaim or annex territory. Examples include China and Taiwan, Russia and Ukraine

What is the meaning of Japan’s “peace constitution”?

Refers to article 9 of the constitution, adopted after WWII. Renounced war as a sovereign right, promises not to maintain traditional military forces, limited to self-defense forces

What are some topographical features in Russia

Ural Moutains, siberian plains, Tundra

What is a consistent feature of countries in Oceania

Island nations, small populations, geographically isolated, rely on marine resources and trade

What are evident economic growth patterns in East Asia and Oceania

East Asia: rapid industrialization and urbanization, export-driven economies, manufacturing. Oceania: natural resource economies, AU and NZ are highly developed, smaller island nations have slower growth and depend on imports

What conclusions can we make about democracy in East Asia and Oceania

Oceania has generally strong democratic systems, East Asia has mixed political systems with some strong democracies and some authoritarian governments