ancient history final 4
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What was the Third Intermediate Period in Egypt?
1076-664 BCE, marked by economic and social difficulties, fracturing of monarchy, and internal divisions.
Who was the last pharaoh of the 20th Dynasty?
Ramses XI
Who took over as the first king of the 21st Dynasty?
Nesbanebdjed
What was the new capital established during the 21st Dynasty?
Tanis
What was the religious structure during the Third Intermediate Period?
A theocracy worshipping Amun, Mut, and Khons.
What became more common during the Third Intermediate Period?
Tomb robbery
What does the unrobbed tomb of Psusennes I indicate?
The great wealth of the pharaoh.
Who started the 22nd Dynasty in 943 BCE?
Sheshonq I
What was the significance of the 22nd Dynasty?
It reunified Egypt and was ruled by Libyan pharaohs for 200 years.
What happened to royal authority in 828 BCE?
It splintered, with rulers from Leontopolis.
Who called himself king of Upper and Lower Egypt?
Kashta
Who started the 25th (Nubian) Dynasty?
Piye
What was the height of the 25th Dynasty characterized by?
Shabaqo, Shabitqo, and Taharqa's rule.
What cultural influences were present during the 25th Dynasty?
A blend of Egyptian and Nubian culture/art.
What was the role of the Theban priest during this period?
Their power rose, along with the god wives of Amun.
What change occurred in Egyptian script during this period?
Hieratic script for shorthand became more common.
What characterized the Assyrian and Babylonian period?
Babylonian decline after King Nebuchadnezzar I's reign.
What did King Nebuchadnezzar I achieve?
He sacked Susa and retrieved the statue of Marduk.
What led to the decline of Mesopotamian power after Nebuchadnezzar I?
Invasions, famines, and population decline.
Who were the Chaldeans?
A group that assimilated into Mesopotamian culture during 1000-900 BCE.
What did the Arameans not do?
Remain seminomadic tribes.
What caused Elamite towns to be abandoned around 1100 BCE?
Shifting course of the Euphrates.
What problems are reflected in the Epic of Erra?
Food shortages and inflation.
What important religious development occurred during this period?
Elevation of Marduk.
What significant creation is associated with the elevation of Marduk?
Enuma Elish.
Who kept its royal line intact during this time?
Assyria.
Who was the king that triumphed under Assyria from 1114-1076 BCE?
Tiglath Pileser I.
What territory did Assyria attack?
Babylon.
What dire situation occurred in the 11th century BCE?
Food and drink offerings stopped.
What did Ashur-dan II accomplish in 930 BCE?
Re-established presence in Upper Meso.
Who claimed to have conquered all of Babylonia?
Adad-Nirari II.
What significant event occurred in 891 BCE?
Diplomatic marriage.
Who started the Neo-Assyrian empire?
Ashurnasirpal II.
What new city did Ashurnasirpal II construct?
Kalhu.
What battle occurred in 853 BCE?
Battle of Qarqar.
Who led the Levant army against Assyria in 853 BCE?
The king of Damascus.
Who claimed victory at the Battle of Qarqar?
Shalmaneser III.
What cities came under Assyrian control by 841 BCE?
Phoenician cities Tyre and Sidon, and the new king of Israel.
What was the significance of Shamshi-Adad V's reign?
He meant to quell a revolt but needed Babylonia's help.
Who ruled with the help of his mother, Sammuramat?
Adad-nirari III.
What geographical area did the Kingdom of Urartu encompass?
Where the Pontic, Zagros, and Caucasus mountains come together.
What was the capital of Urartu?
Tushpa.
What was the main deity of Urartu?
Haldi.
What language did the Urartians write in?
Urartuan language.
What did the Phrygians enter during the 12th century BCE?
Anatolia.
What was the capital city of Phrygia?
Gordion.
What was the main deity of the Phrygians?
Matar Kubileya.
Who overran Phrygia?
Warlike nomadic people: Cimmerians.
What was the principal religious center of Phrygia?
Midas City.
What was the relationship between Midas and Assyria?
Under Midas, Phrygia became an ally of Assyria.
What was the significance of the Kingdom of Patina?
It was influenced by remnants of previous local peoples.
What language was used in Karatepe?
Phoenician language.
What was the main trade route for Moab?
King's Highway.
What were the major cities in Ammon?
Rabbath-Ammon.
What was the fate of the Philistines according to the Bible?
They were persistent enemies of the Israelites.
What was the main trade outlet for Phoenicia during the Late Bronze Age?
Ugarit.
What did the Phoenicians create that was significant?
A writing system with one-to-one correspondence between sound and sign.
What was the significance of Tyre in Phoenician history?
It became extremely influential.
What did the Arameans settle in?
The Orontes Valley of Syria, Upper Euphrates, and parts of Assyria and Babylonia.
What was the second official language of the Assyrian empire?
Aramaic.
What did the Hebrews reportedly do when fleeing Egypt?
They left without the pharaoh's knowledge.
Who was the first king of the 21st Dynasty in Egypt?
Nesbanebdjed
What was the new capital of Egypt established during the 21st Dynasty?
Tanis
Which deities were worshipped in the theocratic system of the 21st Dynasty?
Amun, Mut, and Khons
What became more common during the 21st Dynasty in Egypt?
Tomb robbery
What does the unrobbed tomb of Psusennes I indicate about the pharaoh?
Great wealth
Who started the 22nd Dynasty in Egypt?
Sheshonq I
What was the duration of Libyan pharaohs' rule in Egypt?
200 years
What happened to royal authority in Egypt around 828 BCE?
It splintered.
Which dynasty did Piye start?
25th (Nubian) Dynasty
What was the capital of the Kingdom of Urartu?
Tushpa
What was the main deity worshipped in Urartu?
Haldi
What language was used in Urartu?
Urartuan language
Who were the speakers of a west-Semitic language related to Canaanite?
The Arameans
What was the capital of Ammon?
Rabbath-Ammon
What was the main trade route in Moab?
King's Highway
What did the Merneptah Stele signify?
The first mention of Israel in an extra-biblical document.
What is the significance of the Epic of Erra?
It celebrates the return to normalcy in Babylonia.
Who was the king of Assyria that started the Neo-Assyrian empire?
Ashurnasirpal II
What major battle did Shalmaneser III claim victory in?
Battle of Qarqar
What was the Phoenician contribution to writing?
Creation of a writing system with one-to-one correspondence between sound and sign.
What was the primary economic activity of the Phoenicians?
Trade and seafaring.
Who were the Cimmerians?
Warlike nomadic people that overran Phrygia.
What was the significance of the Hittite records regarding the Trojan War?
They provide possible historical evidence for the war.
What was the relationship between the Arameans and the Assyrian Empire?
The Arameans became vassals of the Assyrian Empire.
What did the Assyrians do to maintain their royal line?
They kept it intact.
What was the outcome of the Assyrian attack on Urartu in 744 BCE?
Urartu eventually fell to the Scythians or the Medes.
What was the primary cultural influence in the 25th Dynasty of Egypt?
A blend of Egyptian and Nubian culture/art.
What did the Egyptians never mention regarding the Exodus?
The departure of the Hebrews from Egypt.
What did the Amarna tablets indicate about Canaan?
Social chaos caused by the Habiru (Hebrews).
What was the significance of the Tawagalawa Letter?
It was sent by Hattusili to a king of Ahhiyawa (Mycenaeans).
What was the primary characteristic of the Philistines?
They were persistent enemies of the Israelites.
What was the significance of the 11th century BCE in Assyria?
Food and drink offerings stopped due to dire conditions.
What was the main deity of the Hittite empire?
Tarhunza.
What was the significance of the Battle of Qarqar?
It was a major conflict involving Assyrian forces.
What was the significance of the Merneptah Stele?
It is the first mention of Israel in an extra-biblical document.
What was the significance of the 25th Dynasty in Egypt?
It marked a height of Nubian rule.
What was the significance of the 22nd Dynasty in Egypt?
It was characterized by the rule of Libyan pharaohs.
What was the significance of the 26th Dynasty in Egypt?
It emphasized the worship of Amun-Re.