Stutter 1.1

Stuttering

A speech disorder characterized by involuntary repetitions and prolongations of sounds, syllables, or words, and interruptions in speech.

Behavioral Inhibition (BI)

A temperament style characterized by a tendency to be shy and to avoid new experiences.

CWS

Children Who Stutter.

PWS

People Who Stutter.

CNS

Children Who do Not Stutter.

Speech Motor Skills Approach

A theory that explains stuttering as a result of limited speech motor skills affecting fluid speech production.

Multifactorial Dynamic Pathway Theory

A theory stating that stuttering is caused by multiple interacting factors, leading to unique experiences of stuttering in different individuals.

Primary Stuttering

Stuttering that occurs due to underdeveloped neural circuits for speech and language or misorganized functional areas in the brain.

Secondary Stuttering

Stuttering that develops as a response to primary stuttering, characterized by learned escape and avoidance behaviors.

Emotional Conditioning

The process by which emotional responses are associated with certain stimuli, influencing behavior.

Fluency

Flow or smoothness of speech, often disrupted in individuals who stutter.

Cognitive Therapy

A therapeutic approach that addresses habitual thought patterns to improve emotional regulation and behavior.

Capacity and Demands Model

A model explaining stuttering as a mismatch between a child's speech capacities and the demands placed on them.

Genetic Factors

Biological influences on stuttering, related to differences in brain structure and function.

Neuroanatomical Basis of Stuttering

Structural brain differences in individuals with persistent stuttering affecting speech production and control.

APA Format

A standardized method for citing sources in academic writing, established by the American Psychological Association.