T1 Thorogood- Plant–plant interactions

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Last updated 4:39 PM on 5/1/26
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4 Terms

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how do plants sense the presence of their neighbours?

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what are the three categories of plant-plant interactions?

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describe parasitic plants

  • parasitism evolved independently at least 12 times across the angiosperms (~1% of species)

  • they are generally classified by whether they attach via the roots or stem of the host, whether they are obligate (holoparasite, don’t photosynthesise, or hemiparasite, photosynthetic but without roots) or facultative (hemiparasite)

  • parasitism becomes more derived as it evolves: autotrophic plant → facultative hemiparasite → obligate hemiparasite → obligate holoparasite

  • endoparasitism evolved 4 times- constant environment + predator protection + ability to massively reduce the vegetative body (can involve HGT from the host)

  • they have highly reduced plastid genomes (photosynthesis + chloroplast genes lost/contain junk dna due to lack of selection pressure) + convergent loss of defence/stress response genes

  • their life cycles are coordinated with chemical cues produced by the host plants

  • they produce a haustorium- vascular connection with the xylem/phloem, which also allows free transport of hormones, proteins, mRNA, viruses

  • mycoheterotrophs are plants which obtain carbon from other photosynthetic plants through the mycorrhizal network

  • they are important ecosystem engineers- by suppressing the growth of dominant species, they enable greater diversity

  • parasitic weeds are also responsible for massive crop losses eg. witchweed

  • desert Cistanche species are root parasites that can be planted in an effort to reduce desertification by stabilising soils (also a farmed carbohydrate source)

<ul><li><p>parasitism evolved independently at least <strong>12 </strong>times across the angiosperms (~1% of species)</p></li><li><p>they are generally classified by whether they attach via the <strong>roots </strong>or <strong>stem </strong>of the host, whether they are <strong>obligate </strong>(<strong>holoparasite</strong>, don’t photosynthesise, or <strong>hemiparasite</strong>, photosynthetic but without roots) or <strong>facultative </strong>(<strong>hemiparasite</strong>)</p></li><li><p>parasitism becomes more <strong>derived </strong>as it evolves: autotrophic plant → facultative hemiparasite → obligate hemiparasite → obligate holoparasite</p></li><li><p><strong>endoparasitism </strong>evolved <strong>4 </strong>times- constant environment + predator protection + ability to massively <strong>reduce </strong>the vegetative body (can involve HGT from the host)</p></li><li><p>they have highly <strong>reduced plastid genomes </strong>(photosynthesis + chloroplast genes lost/contain junk dna due to lack of selection pressure) + convergent loss of defence/stress response genes</p></li><li><p>their life cycles are <strong>coordinated </strong>with <strong>chemical cues </strong>produced by the <strong>host </strong>plants </p></li><li><p>they produce a <strong>haustorium</strong>- vascular connection with the xylem/phloem, which also allows free transport of <strong>hormones</strong>, <strong>proteins</strong>, <strong>mRNA</strong>, <strong>viruses</strong></p></li><li><p><strong>mycoheterotrophs</strong> are plants which obtain carbon from other photosynthetic plants through the mycorrhizal network</p></li><li><p>they are important <strong>ecosystem engineers</strong>- by suppressing the growth of dominant species, they enable greater diversity</p></li><li><p>parasitic weeds are also responsible for massive crop losses eg. witchweed</p></li><li><p>desert Cistanche species are root parasites that can be planted in an effort to reduce desertification by stabilising soils (also a farmed carbohydrate source)</p></li></ul><p></p>
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